{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T11:07:11Z","timestamp":1773745631205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>C-peptide-positive adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have higher circulating total and free IGF-1 and lower IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) than C-peptide-negative patients. Whether this is also the case in children remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of the study was to examine the IGF system in children\/adolescents with and without residual \u03b2-cell function (RBF).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design and Patients:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study containing 136 prepubertal (hereof 15 RBF positive) and 206 pubertal (hereof 42 RBF positive) children\/adolescents with T1D for 3\u20136 years as well as 40 prepubertal and 30 pubertal healthy controls. RBF was evaluated by meal-stimulated C-peptide.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fasting serum levels of bioactive IGF (ie, the ability of serum to activate the IGF-1 receptor in vitro), total IGF-1, total IGF-2, and IGFBP-1 and -3.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Irrespective of pubertal status, patients with T1D showed lower bioactive IGF and total IGF-1, but higher IGFBP-1 as compared with controls (P &amp;lt; .05). When stratified according to RBF status, a positive RBF was associated with normalization of all IGF-related peptides but IGFBP-1 in prepubertal children (P &amp;lt; .05), whereas none of the IGF components were normalized in prepubertal, RBF-negative children. In pubertal children, total IGF-1 and bioactive IGF remained subnormal and IGFBP-1 supranormal, irrespective of RBF status (P &amp;lt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Independent of pubertal status, T1D was associated with an abnormal IGF system. However, a positive RBF status appeared important but only in prepubertal children, in whom all IGF components but IGFBP-1 were normalized. We speculate that the pubertal GH surge induces insulin resistance, which overrides the stimulatory effect that an RBF may exert on the liver-derived IGF system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]],"date-time":"2014-12-22T12:46:46Z","timestamp":1419252406000},"page":"1053-1061","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Residual \u03b2-Cell Function and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Danish Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Jesper S.","family":"Sorensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics (J.S.S., N.H.B., K.K.), DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (J.S.S.), Randers Regional Hospital, DK-8930 Randers, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels H.","family":"Birkebaek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics (J.S.S., N.H.B., K.K.), DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Bjerre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University Hospital, and The Medical Research Laboratory (M.B., J.F.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flemming","family":"Pociot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics E (F.P.), Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics (J.S.S., N.H.B., K.K.), DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Soee","family":"Hoejberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (A.S.H.), Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Frystyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (J.F.), DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"},{"name":"Aarhus University Hospital, and The Medical Research Laboratory (M.B., J.F.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Danish Society for Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071617261272400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0427","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: metabolic effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1","volume":"3","author":"LeRoith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617261272400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2359","article-title":"Modifying IGF1 activity: an approach to treat endocrine disorders, atherosclerosis and cancer","volume":"6","author":"Clemmons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2020071617261272400_B3","first-page":"4712","article-title":"Insulin regulation of human hepatic growth hormone receptors: divergent effects on biosynthesis and surface translocation","volume":"85","author":"Leung","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617261272400_B4","first-page":"872","article-title":"Effect of insulin on the hepatic production of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-3, and IGF-1 in insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"79","author":"Brismar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071617261272400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.001","article-title":"Free insulin-like growth factors\u2014measurements and relationships to growth hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Frystyk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"2020071617261272400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2011.11.005","article-title":"Quantification of the GH\/IGF-axis components: lessons from human studies","volume":"43","author":"Frystyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dom Animal Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071617261272400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978716","article-title":"Alterations in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Bereket","year":"1999","journal-title":"Horm. 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