{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:27:57Z","timestamp":1792801677884,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Physiological gynecomastia is common and affects a large proportion of otherwise healthy adolescent boys. It is thought to be caused by an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone, although this is rarely evident in analyses of serum.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to describe the frequency of physiological gynecomastia and to determine possible etiological factors (eg, auxology and serum hormone levels) in a longitudinal setup.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design, Settings, and Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A prospective cohort study of 106 healthy Danish boys (5.8\u201316.4 years) participated in the longitudinal part of the COPENHAGEN Puberty Study. The boys were examined every 6 months during an 8-year follow-up. Median number of examinations was 10 (2\u201315).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measurements:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blood samples were analyzed for FSH, LH, testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, inhibin B, anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein-3 by immunoassays. Auxological parameters, pubertal development, and the presence of gynecomastia were evaluated at each visit.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fifty-two of 106 boys (49%) developed gynecomastia, of which 10 (19%) presented with intermittent gynecomastia. Boys with physiological gynecomastia reached peak height velocity at a significantly younger age than boys who did not develop gynecomastia (13.5 versus 13.9 years, P = .027), and they had significantly higher serum levels of IGF-1 (P = .000), estradiol (P = .013), free testosterone (P &amp;lt; .001), and FSH (P = .030) during pubertal transition. However, no differences in serum LH or in the estradiol to testosterone ratio were found.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gynecomastia is frequent in pubertal boys. Increased IGF-1 levels and pubertal growth appear to be associated, whereas changes in estrogen to testosterone ratio seem negligible.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]],"date-time":"2015-08-19T17:00:48Z","timestamp":1440003648000},"page":"3752-3759","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A Longitudinal Study of Growth, Sex Steroids, and IGF-1 in Boys With Physiological Gynecomastia"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Mikkel G.","family":"Mieritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars L.","family":"Rak\u00eat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casper P.","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maj-Lis M.","family":"Talman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen H.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"t of Biostatistics (J.H.Pj.), University of Copenhagen, 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