{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:59:49Z","timestamp":1791950389249,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adequate sex steroid hormone concentrations are essential for normal fetal genital development in early pregnancy. Our previous study demonstrated an inverse relationship between third-trimester di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate exposure and total testosterone (TT) concentrations. Here, we examine early-pregnancy phthalates, sex steroid hormone concentrations, and newborn reproductive outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined associations between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in early pregnancy and serum free testosterone (FT), TT, estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2) in 591 woman\/infant dyads in The Infant Development and Environment Study; we also examined relationships between hormones and newborn genital outcomes using multiple regression models with covariate adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E1 and E2 concentrations were 15% to 30% higher in relation to 1-unit increases in log monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate, and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxy-hexyl phthalate concentrations, and E2 was 15% higher in relation to increased log monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP). FT concentrations were 12% lower in relation to 1-unit increases in log mono(carboxynonyl) phthalate (MCNP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate concentrations. Higher maternal FT was associated with a 25% lower prevalence of having a male genital abnormality at birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The positive relationships between MiBP, MBzP, and DEHP metabolites and E1\/E2 are unique and suggest a positive estrogenic effect in early pregnancy. The inverse relationship between MCNP and DEHP metabolites and serum FT supports previous work examining phthalate\/testosterone relationships later in pregnancy. Higher FT in relation to a 25% lower prevalence of male genital abnormalities confirms the importance of testosterone in early fetal development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T11:09:58Z","timestamp":1492600198000},"page":"1870-1878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Early Prenatal Phthalate Exposure, Sex Steroid Hormones, and Birth Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Sheela","family":"Sathyanarayana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98121"},{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle, Washington 98121"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Butts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Los Angeles, California 90502"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195"},{"name":"Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wren","family":"Haaland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle, Washington 98121"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanna H.","family":"Swan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the TIDES Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071619405895600_B1"},{"key":"2020071619405895600_B2"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020071619405895600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(98)80427-8","article-title":"Embryology and endocrinology of genital development","volume":"12","author":"Rey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020071619405895600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1818","article-title":"Estrogen receptors and estrogen-metabolizing enzymes in human ovaries during fetal development","volume":"90","author":"Vaskivuo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020071619405895600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(72)90185-8","article-title":"Plasma estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in human pregnancy. 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