{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:55:20Z","timestamp":1793663720968,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autoimmune thyroid disease is more common in women than in men. Fetal microchimerism has been implicated as a potential explanation for this disparity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between parity and thyroid autoimmunity in the US population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to identify females with antithyroperoxidase (TPOAb) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) measurements and parity data. Subjects (n = 4864) were categorized as never pregnant (n = 909) or previously pregnant (n = 3955). The association of parity with thyroid autoantibodies was examined both qualitatively and quantitatively. Thyroid autoimmunity was defined as TPOAb and\/or TgAb titers above the reference limits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous pregnancy carried an odds ratio (OR) of 1.55 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26 to 1.91] for thyroid autoimmunity compared with never pregnant. Number of pregnancies was associated with thyroid autoimmunity: OR = 1.37 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.84); 1.4 (95% CI: 1.08 to 1.81); 1.52 (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.96); and 1.73 (95% CI: 1.38 to 2.18) for 1, 2, 3, and \u22654 pregnancies, respectively. Because ever-pregnant women differed in several variables\u2014age, race, smoking status, history of thyroid disease, and urinary iodine level\u2014from never-pregnant women (P &amp;lt; 0.001), a multivariate regression analysis was performed, which showed no association of pregnancy with thyroid autoimmunity. The association was further examined utilizing an age-matched analysis, which confirmed the absence of an association between thyroid autoimmunity and parity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although we initially observed a strong association between parity and thyroid autoimmunity, after controlling for age and other variables, we were unable to identify an association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T14:09:26Z","timestamp":1499090966000},"page":"3437-3442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Parity and Risk of Thyroid Autoimmunity Based on the NHANES (2001\u20132002, 2007\u20132008, 2009\u20132010, and 2011\u20132012)"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Marelle","family":"Yehuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095"},{"name":"Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90502"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngju","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90502"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken C","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G","family":"Gianoukakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095"},{"name":"Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 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