{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T13:51:57Z","timestamp":1778939517700,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite clinical guidelines calling for repetitive examination of testicular position during childhood, little is known of normal changes in testicular position during childhood, let alone factors that control it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess changes in and factors associated with testicular position during childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testicular position (the distance from the pubic bone to the upper pole of the testes) at birth, 3 months, 18 months, 36 months, and 7 years and reproductive hormones at 3 months were measured.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatally recruited, prospective longitudinal birth cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2545 boys were recruited prenatally in a Danish-Finnish birth cohort and had a testicular position examination available. A subset of 680 Danish and 362 Finnish boys had serum reproductive hormone concentrations and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) determined at 3 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testicular distance to pubic bone (TDP), serum reproductive hormone, and IGF-I concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TDP increased from birth to 3 months and decreased thereafter. Length, gestational age, weight for gestational age, and penile length were positively associated with larger TDP and thus lower testicular position in a linear mixed-effect model. Furthermore, IGF-I concentration, inhibin B\/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, and testosterone\/luteinizing hormone ratio were all independently and positively associated with longer TDP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provide longitudinal data on postnatal changes in TDP. TDP is dynamic and associated with Leydig and Sertoli cell function as well as with IGF-I levels during the first months of life at mini-puberty of infancy. TDP may thus be a useful biomarker of postnatal testicular function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T14:07:33Z","timestamp":1517494053000},"page":"1429-1437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Postnatal Changes in Testicular Position Are Associated With IGF-I and Function of Sertoli and Leydig Cells"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Jaakko J","family":"Koskenniemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena E","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology, Institute of 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