{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:20:57Z","timestamp":1789158057303,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have a high risk of coronary artery disease, but their risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In individuals with clinical FH, we tested the hypotheses (1) that the risks of PAD and CKD are elevated and (2) that low ankle-brachial index (ABI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are associated with a high risk of myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design and Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective cohort study of the general population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 106,172 individuals, of whom 7109 were diagnosed with FH.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PAD, CKD, and myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with individuals with unlikely FH, multivariable adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of PAD were 1.84 (1.70 to 2.00) in those with possible FH and 1.36 (1.00 to 1.84) in individuals with probable\/definite FH. For CKD, the corresponding ORs (95% CIs) were 1.92 (1.78 to 2.07) and 2.42 (1.86 to 3.26). Compared with individuals with unlikely FH and ABI &amp;gt;0.9, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) of myocardial infarction was 4.60 (2.36 to 8.97) in those with possible\/probable\/definite FH and ABI \u22640.9. Compared with individuals with unlikely FH and eGFR \u226560 mL\/min\/1.73 m2, the corresponding value was 2.19 (1.71 to 2.82) in those with possible\/probable\/definite FH and eGFR &amp;lt;60 mL\/min\/1.73 m2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with clinical FH have increased risks of PAD and CKD, and low ABI and eGFR are associated with high risk of myocardial infarction. Consequently, individuals with FH should be screened for PAD and CKD, and ABI and eGFR may be used as prognostic tools in the management and treatment of FH to identify those at very high risk of myocardial infarction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T19:50:58Z","timestamp":1533325858000},"page":"4491-4500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Frida","family":"Emanuelsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00f8rge G","family":"Nordestgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark"},{"name":"The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"2020071622415465000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw028","article-title":"Mutations causative of familial hypercholesterolaemia: screening of 98 098 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study estimated a prevalence of 1 in 217","volume":"37","author":"Benn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"17","key":"2020071622415465000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602777","article-title":"Child-parent familial hypercholesterolemia screening in primary care","volume":"375","author":"Wald","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"45","key":"2020071622415465000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht273","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"34","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2020071622415465000_B4","first-page":"2863","volume-title":"The Metabolic & Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease","author":"Goldstein","year":"2001","edition":"8th ed."},{"issue":"11","key":"2020071622415465000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1563","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Danish general population: prevalence, coronary artery disease, and cholesterol-lowering medication","volume":"97","author":"Benn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9901","key":"2020071622415465000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","article-title":"Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis","volume":"382","author":"Fowkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020071622415465000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboyans\n              V\n            , RiccoJ-B, BartelinkM-LEL, Bj\u00f6rckM, BrodmannM, CohnertT, ColletJ-P, CzernyM, De CarloM, DebusS, Espinola-KleinC, KahanT, KownatorS, MazzolaiL, NaylorAR, RoffiM, R\u00f6therJ, SpryngerM, TenderaM, TepeG, VenermoM, VlachopoulosC, DesormaisI. 2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). 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