{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:14:10Z","timestamp":1790676850816,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovation Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11-115923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11-115923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovation Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09067124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09067124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF160C0022518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF160C0022518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context and Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Being born small or large for gestational age and intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes (GDM) increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in the offspring. However, the potential combined deleterious effects of size at birth and GDM exposure remains unknown. We examined the independent effect of size at birth and the influence of GDM exposure in utero on cardiometabolic traits, body composition, and puberty status in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design, Participants, and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The present study was a longitudinal birth cohort study. We used clinical data from 490 offspring of mothers with GDM and 527 control offspring aged 9 to 16 years, born singleton at term from the Danish National Birth Cohort with available birthweight data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found no evidence of a U-shaped association between size at birth (expressed as birthweight, sex, and gestational age adjusted z-score) and cardiometabolic traits. Body size in childhood and adolescence reflected the size at birth but was not reflected in any metabolic outcome. No synergistic adverse effect of being born small or large for gestational age and exposure to GDM was shown. However, GDM was associated with an adverse metabolic profile and earlier onset of female puberty in childhood and adolescence independently of size at birth.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In childhood and adolescence, we found GDM was a stronger predictor of dysmetabolic traits than size at birth. The combination of being born small or large and exposed to GDM does not exacerbate the metabolic profile in the offspring.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T19:03:44Z","timestamp":1544036624000},"page":"1766-1776","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Is a Stronger Predictor of Dysmetabolic Traits in Children Than Size at Birth"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6106-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freja Bach","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-Metabolic Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8639-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Cathrine Baun","family":"Thuesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-Metabolic Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4673-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line","family":"Hjort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-Metabolic Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sjurdur Frodi","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Foetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7751-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Monteiro","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-2511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Tetens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitality \u2013 Centre for Good Older Lives, Department of Nutrition, Sports and Exercise, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2298-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise Groth","family":"Grunnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-Metabolic Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071623444832100_B1","unstructured":"IDF Diabetes Atlas\u20132015 Atlas. 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