{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:51:01Z","timestamp":1792497061514,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Women with hyperandrogenic anovulation (HAA) exhibit increased GnRH drive, as evidenced by a faster LH pulse frequency that slows in response to progestin-induced opioidergic tone. To determine whether increased GnRH-LH drive in HAA reflects altered sex steroid exposure caused by chronic anovulation or is an intrinsic hypothalamic attribute, we compared the pulsatile LH response to oral contraceptive (OC)-induced suppression in seven women with HAA, with that of seven eumenorrheic women (EW). LH levels were determined at 10-min intervals for 12 h after 19\u201321 days of OC use and 5\u20137 days after cessation. Testosterone, androstenedione, estradiol, FSH, and LH levels were determined at weekly intervals before, during, and after OC use.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>LH pulse number\/12 h was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in HAA during and after OCs, when compared with that of EW. Mean LH was increased in HAA before, during, and after OCs. Testosterone, androstenedione, and estradiol levels were higher in HAA before OCs, but they decreased to similar levels during OC use in both groups. FSH concentrations were similar before and during OCs but rose more after cessation of OCs in EW. These findings indicate that GnRH drive in HAA is resistant to OC-induced suppression and, therefore, could be an intrinsic hypothalamic attribute.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.12.4402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T17:01:01Z","timestamp":1389200461000},"page":"4179-4183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Resistance of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Drive to Sex Steroid-Induced Suppression in Hyperandrogenic Anovulation1"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Tammy L.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Psychiatry, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital and Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Berga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Psychiatry, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital and Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071618573694300_R1","first-page":"895","article-title":"Increased LH, and \u03b1-subunit secretion in women with hyperandrogenic anovulation.","volume":"77","author":"Berga","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-2-233","article-title":"Circulating luteinizing hormone pulse frequency in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"65","author":"Kazer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-1-165","article-title":"Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization.","volume":"66","author":"Waldstreicher","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R4","first-page":"2854","article-title":"Insulin, somatotropic, and luteinizing hormone axes in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: common and distinct features.","volume":"81","author":"Morales","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb03739.x","article-title":"Opioidergic regulation of LH pulsatility in women with polycystic syndrome.","volume":"30","author":"Berga","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-6-1179","article-title":"Effects of increasing frequency of low doses of GnRH on gonadotropin secretion in GnRH-deficient men.","volume":"64","author":"Spratt","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-4-675","article-title":"Differential control of LH and FSH secretion by LHRH pulse frequency in man.","volume":"64","author":"Gross","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-30-4-435","article-title":"Inappropriate secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in polycystic ovarian disease.","volume":"30","author":"Yen","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R9","first-page":"420","article-title":"Pulsatile luteinizing hormone patterns in long term oral contraceptive users.","volume":"77","author":"Hemrika","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-2-418","article-title":"Clinical and biological phenotypes in late-onset 21 hydroxylase deficiency.","volume":"63","author":"Dewailly","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R11","first-page":"E486","article-title":"Cluster analysis: a simple, versatile, and robust algorithm for endocrine pulse detection","volume":"250","author":"Veldhuis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-6-1278","article-title":"Reduction of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency is associated with subsequent selective follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in women with polycystic ovarian disease.","volume":"72","author":"Christman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-3-457","article-title":"Corpus luteum insufficiency induced by a rapid gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced gonadotropin secretion pattern in the follicular phase.","volume":"65","author":"Soules","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1984.tb00114.x","article-title":"Evidence for decreased endogenous dopamine and opioid inhibitory influences on LH secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"20","author":"Cumming","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-1-119","article-title":"A double blind controlled study of the hormonal and clinical effects of bromocriptine in the polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"63","author":"Buvat","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-5-1048","article-title":"The effect of bromocriptine on gonadotropin and steroid secretion in polycystic ovarian disease.","volume":"62","author":"Steingold","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-5-891","article-title":"Further evidence against dopamine deficiency as the cause of inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"65","author":"Rosen","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-2-506","article-title":"Effects of dopamine and metoclopramide in polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"63","author":"Barnes","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56632-1","article-title":"Endocrine consequences of weight loss in obese, hyperandrogenic anovulatory women.","volume":"61","author":"Guzick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-6-1027","article-title":"Suppression of serum insulin by diazoxide reduces serum testosterone levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"68","author":"Nestler","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R21","first-page":"524","article-title":"Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"82","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R22","first-page":"2108","article-title":"Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"82","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113864","article-title":"Insulin administration alters gonadal steroid metabolism independent of changes in gonadotropin secretion in insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"83","author":"Dunaif","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90066-4","article-title":"Metformin therapy is associated with a decrease in plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, lipoprotein (a), and immunoreactive insulin levels in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"46","author":"Velazquez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608293350902","article-title":"Decreases in cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"335","author":"Nestler","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-119-2-539","article-title":"A striking sex difference in the gonadotropin response to gonadectomy during infantile development in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).","volume":"119","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R27","first-page":"604","article-title":"Human female development: role of fetal ovaries.","volume":"79","author":"Ammini","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R28","first-page":"1328","article-title":"Ovarian hyperandrogenism as a result of congenital adrenal virilizing disorders: evidence for perinatal masculinization of neuroendocrine function in women.","volume":"79","author":"Barnes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54592-0","article-title":"Is the inappropriate gonadotropin secretion of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome similar to that of patients with adult-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia?","volume":"56","author":"Levin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58387-3","article-title":"Pituitary function is altered during the same cycle in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with continuous or cyclic oral contraceptives or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.","volume":"66","author":"Ruchhoft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R31","first-page":"3327","article-title":"Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"80","author":"Korytkowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071618573694300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.7.821","article-title":"Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"15","author":"Talbott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/82\/12\/4179\/9233408\/jcem4179.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/82\/12\/4179\/9233408\/jcem4179.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T04:07:48Z","timestamp":1594958868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/82\/12\/4179\/2866062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.82.12.4402","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]]}}}