{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T14:59:55Z","timestamp":1648565995799},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Ovarian hyperandrogenism can be associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and obesity. High levels of the lipostatic hormone, leptin, have also been reported in this condition. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of an oral contraceptive (OC) of low androgenicity containing desogestrel on glucose tolerance in hyperandrogenic women and the impact of changes in androgenic\/estrogenic status on leptin concentrations. Sixteen nondiabetic hyperandrogenic women, aged 29 \u00b1 1 yr with a body mass index (BMI) of 36.8 \u00b1 1.8 kg\/m2, underwent an oral glucose tolerance test before and after 6 months of therapy with the OC. Free testosterone decreased and sex hormone-binding globulin increased after therapy (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Glucose tolerance deteriorated significantly, and two women developed diabetes. Body weight, BMI, and leptin did not change significantly. Leptin correlated with BMI before (r = 0.56; P = 0.02) and after (r = 0.51; P = 0.04) treatment, but not with glucose, insulin, total and free testosterone, or sex hormone-binding globulin before or after treatment. In conclusion, 1) glucose tolerance should be monitored in hyperandrogenic women using OC, even those of low androgenicity; and 2) changes in androgenic\/estrogenic status had no effect on the leptin concentration, suggesting that its sexual dimorphism is not related to sex steroids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.9.4192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T17:02:47Z","timestamp":1389200567000},"page":"3074-3077","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Effect of a Desogestrel-Containing Oral Contraceptive on Glucose Tolerance and Leptin Concentrations in Hyperandrogenic Women*"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Shahla","family":"Nader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Medical School (S.N.), Houston, Texas 77030;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maggy G.","family":"Riad-Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Medical School (M.G.R.-G., M.F.S.), Los Angeles, California 90033"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Medical School (M.G.R.-G., M.F.S.), Los Angeles, California 90033"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071620494326300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)60060-2","article-title":"The role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of ovarian hyperandrogenism.","volume":"50","author":"Barbieri","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90089-A","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and the androgen-insulin connection.","volume":"165","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80057-6","article-title":"Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS): a unique disorder of insulin action associated with an increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.","volume":"98","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/10.1.75","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of androgen production by human thecal cells in vitro.","volume":"10","author":"Nahum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R5","first-page":"4166","article-title":"Serum immunoreactive leptin concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.","volume":"81","author":"Brzechffa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue.","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1195-1155","article-title":"Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects.","volume":"1","author":"Maffei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602013340503","article-title":"Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans.","volume":"334","author":"Considine","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R9","first-page":"3424","article-title":"Effects of gender, body composition, menopause on plasma concentrations of leptin.","volume":"81","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R10","first-page":"3909","article-title":"Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, gender, diet, age, and metabolic covariates.","volume":"81","author":"Ostlund Jr","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R11","first-page":"579","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in plasma leptin concentration.","volume":"82","author":"Saad","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.7.988","article-title":"Relationship between insulin sensitivity and plasma leptin concentration in lean and obese men.","volume":"45","author":"Segal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R13","first-page":"51","article-title":"Is leptin the link between obesity and insulin resistance?","volume":"45","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0596-585","article-title":"Novel B219\/OB receptor isoforms: possible role of leptin in hematopoiesis and reproduction.","volume":"2","author":"Cioffi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0396-318","article-title":"Correction of the sterility defect in homozygous obese female mice by treatment with the human recombinant leptin.","volume":"12","author":"Chehab","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770941","article-title":"Leptin is a metabolic signal to the reproductive system.","volume":"137","author":"Barash","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0996-949b","article-title":"Gender differences in plasma leptin concentrations.","volume":"2","author":"Havel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90578-U","article-title":"Clinical aspects of the relationship between oral contraceptives, abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism, and the development of cardiovascular disease.","volume":"163","author":"Gaspard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011153232003","article-title":"The effects of different formulations of oral contraceptive agents on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.","volume":"323","author":"Godsland","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R20","first-page":"952","article-title":"The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women.","volume":"81","author":"Moghetti","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80132-1","article-title":"New progestogens in oral contraceptives.","volume":"157","author":"Runnebaum","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-3-590","article-title":"Acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism: clinical, histological, and biochemical findings.","volume":"73","author":"Dunaif","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R23","first-page":"9","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus.","volume":"727","year":"1985","journal-title":"WHO Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.6.942","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay of leptin in human plasma.","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R25","year":"1993"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(93)90109-K","article-title":"The effect of a biphasic desogestrel-containing oral contraceptive on carbohydrate metabolism and various hormonal parameters.","volume":"47","author":"Kuhl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116768","article-title":"How good a marker is insulin level for insulin resistance?","volume":"137","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R28","first-page":"64","article-title":"Insulin resistance, secretion, and metabolism in users of oral contraceptives.","volume":"74","author":"Godsland","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R29","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Defects in carbohydrate metabolism in oral contraceptive users without apparent metabolic risk factors.","volume":"79","author":"Watanabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0995-953","article-title":"Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans.","volume":"1","author":"Hamilton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0995-950","article-title":"Overexpression of the obese (ob) gene in adipose tissue of human obese subjects.","volume":"1","author":"Lo\u0308nnqvist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118204","article-title":"Molecular cloning of rat obese cDNA and augmented gene expression in genetically obese Zucker fatty (fa\/fa) rats.","volume":"96","author":"Ogawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6957","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.15.6957","article-title":"Increased expression in adipocytes of ob RNA in mice with lesions of the hypothalamus and with mutations at the db locus.","volume":"92","author":"Maffei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R34","first-page":"41","article-title":"Leptin secretion correlates with adipocyte size in genetic and dietary obesity.","volume":"45","author":"Houseknecht","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R35","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Leptin concentrations, sex hormones and cortisol in non-diabetic men.","volume":"82","author":"Haffner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418353","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y to normal rats increases obese gene expression in white adipose tissue.","volume":"39","author":"Sainsbury","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2020071620494326300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-02-00497.1989","article-title":"Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain.","volume":"9","author":"Allen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/82\/9\/3074\/9233593\/jcem3074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/82\/9\/3074\/9233593\/jcem3074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T05:39:38Z","timestamp":1594964378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/82\/9\/3074\/2866093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.82.9.4192","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]}}}