{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T09:30:39Z","timestamp":1763544639927},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Throughout gestation, the primate fetal adrenal gland is comprised of the fetal zone, which expresses the P-450 17\u03b1-hydroxylase-C17,20 lyase (P-450c17) enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of C19 steroids used for placental estrogen production. The development of the transitional zone comprised of cortical cells that express the P-450c17 and the 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase (3\u03b2HSD) enzymes for cortisol production, and the definitive zone, which expresses 3\u03b2HSD, but not P-450c17, for mineralocorticoid synthesis, does not occur until relatively late in gestation. Although ACTH is considered essential to fetal adrenal growth and function, the role that ACTH has in the development of the transitional and definitive zones, is less clear. To answer this question, the width of these zones was determined by immunocytochemical expression of P-450c17 and\/or 3\u03b2HSD in fetal adrenal glands obtained on day 100 (mid) of gestation (term = day 184) from baboons in which ACTH was administered to the fetus on days 95\u201399 of gestation or on day 165 (late) of gestation from baboons in which fetal ACTH was suppressed by treatment of the mother and fetus with betamethasone on days 150\u2013164 of gestation. At midgestation, the fetal adrenal was comprised almost exclusively of fetal zone cells and a small definitive zone (38 \u00b1 2 \u03bcm in width), but was essentially devoid of a transitional zone (7 \u00b1 2 \u03bcm). Treatment with ACTH enhanced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the width of the transitional zone (67 \u00b1 4 \u03bcm), but not the size of the definitive zone (10 \u00b1 4 \u03bcm). In late gestation, the width of the definitive zone, although 2-fold greater than that on day 100, was smaller (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than that of the transitional zone (120 \u00b1 15 \u03bcm), which greatly exceeded that at midgestation. Treatment with betamethasone in late gestation eliminated the transitional zone, but had no effect on the size of the definitive zone (120 \u00b1 8 \u03bcm). These findings indicate that the development of the baboon fetal adrenal transitional zone late in gestation is dependent on fetal pituitary ACTH. In contrast, the ontogenesis of the definitive zone at midgestation and its growth in late gestation occur in the relative absence of ACTH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T17:03:58Z","timestamp":1389200638000},"page":"3831-3835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of the Baboon Fetal Adrenal Gland: Regulation of the Ontogenesis of the Definitive and Transitional Zones by Adrenocorticotropin*"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Leavitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School (M.G.L., G.J.P.), Norfolk, Virginia 23501"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugene D.","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics\/Gynecology\/Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, Center for Studies in Reproduction, University of Maryland School of Medicine (E.D.A.), Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald J.","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School (M.G.L., G.J.P.), Norfolk, Virginia 23501"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071613413041600_R1","first-page":"378","article-title":"Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex.","volume":"18","author":"Mesiano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071613413041600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-61-6-684","article-title":"The adrenal fetal zone: its occurrence in primates and a possible relationship to chorionic gonadotropin.","volume":"61","year":"1957","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613413041600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod25.5.1079","article-title":"Fetal and postnatal development of the adrenal gland in Macaca mulatta.","volume":"25","author":"McNulty","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2020071613413041600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-11-1-151","article-title":"Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex.","volume":"11","author":"Pepe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071613413041600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-11-1-124","article-title":"Placental steroid hormone biosynthesis in primate pregnancy.","volume":"11","author":"Albrecht","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2020071613413041600_R6","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Localization of cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage, cytochrome P450 17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/17,20-lyase, and 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isomerase steroidogenic enzymes in human and rhesus monkey fetal adrenal glands: reappraisal of functional zonation.","volume":"77","author":"Mesiano","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613413041600_R7","first-page":"976","article-title":"Effect of maternal betamethasone administration at midgestation on baboon fetal adrenal gland development and adrenocorticotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression.","volume":"83","author":"Aberdeen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071613413041600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.7.5225","article-title":"Inhibition of fetal adrenal adrenocorticotropin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression by betamethasone administration to the baboon fetus in late gestation.","volume":"138","author":"Leavitt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2020071613413041600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.11.8895368","article-title":"Functional maturation of the primate fetal adrenal in vivo. 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