{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:49:54Z","timestamp":1773323394326,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pelvic endometriosis is an immune-related chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by ectopic implants of endometrium in the peritoneal cavity and associated with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and neoangiogenesis. Leptin, the adipocyte-derived hormone, has been shown to have a role in food intake, basal metabolism, and reproductive function. Leptin levels are dynamically regulated, being elevated by inflammatory mediators and reduced by starvation. Leptin itself can influence the proinflammatory immune responses of CD4+ T lymphocytes, and reports have also shown this hormone to be an angiogenic factor in vitro and in vivo. We investigated whether leptin concentrations in serum and peritoneal fluid (PF) differed between 13 patients with different stages of endometriosis and 15 age- and body mass index-matched controls. We found a statistically significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) increase in leptin levels in serum (30.3 \u00b1 14.8 ng\/mL) and PF (35.9 \u00b1 17.4 ng\/mL) of patients with endometriosis, compared with our control population (serum, 15.6 \u00b1 8.4; PF, 17.5 \u00b1 7.2 ng\/mL). Regression equations, relating leptin to body mass index, were also significantly different in endometriosis patients, compared with controls. Higher levels of leptin were observed in the earlier stages of endometriosis than advanced-stage disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These data suggest that the proinflammatory and neoangiogenic actions of leptin may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T17:05:45Z","timestamp":1389200745000},"page":"2483-2487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Increased Leptin Levels in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid of Patients with Pelvic Endometriosis1"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Matarese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Immunologia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare (G.M.), 80131, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Alviggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Area Funzionale di Medicina della Riproduzione ed Endoscopia Ginecologica (C.A., C.C., G.D.P.), Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Sanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Napoli (V.S., S.F.), 80131, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane K.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit (J.K.H., S.R.B.), Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham M.","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology (G.M.L., R.I.L.), London W12 ONN, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Carravetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Area Funzionale di Medicina della Riproduzione ed Endoscopia Ginecologica (C.A., C.C., G.D.P.), Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Napoli (V.S., S.F.), 80131, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert I.","family":"Lechler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology (G.M.L., R.I.L.), London W12 ONN, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit (J.K.H., S.R.B.), Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Placido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Area Funzionale di Medicina della Riproduzione ed Endoscopia Ginecologica (C.A., C.C., G.D.P.), Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071619321474500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/2.5.371","article-title":"Immunological aspects of endometriosis.","volume":"2","author":"Vinatier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/4.5.741","article-title":"Endometriotic disease: the role of peritoneal fluid.","volume":"4","author":"Koninckx","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.7.1957","article-title":"Peritoneal fluid concentrations of interleukin-8 in women with endometriosis: relationship to stage of disease.","volume":"13","author":"Gazvani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R4","first-page":"1686","volume":"13","author":"Donnez","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R5","first-page":"3112","article-title":"Ovarian steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in the human endometrium: implications for angiogenesis during the menstrual cycle and in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.","volume":"81","author":"Shifren","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/4.5.736","article-title":"Angiogenesis: a new theory for endometriosis.","volume":"4","author":"Healy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/27376","article-title":"Leptin and the regulation of the body weight in mammals.","volume":"395","author":"Friedman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624777","article-title":"Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene.","volume":"269","author":"Halaas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5383.1683","article-title":"Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor.","volume":"281","author":"Sierra-Honigmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.83.10.1059","article-title":"Leptin, the product of Ob gene, promotes angiogenesis.","volume":"83","author":"Bouloumie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118653","article-title":"Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters. A role for leptin in the anorexia of infection.","volume":"97","author":"Grunfeld","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.1.171","article-title":"Multiple cytokines and acute inflammation raise mouse leptin levels: potential role in inflammatory anorexia.","volume":"185","author":"Sarraf","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.12.4408","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor increases serum leptin levels in humans.","volume":"82","author":"Zumbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R14","first-page":"3408","article-title":"Leptin concentrations in relation to body mass index and the tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 system in humans.","volume":"82","author":"Mantzoros","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978967","article-title":"Leptin and interleukin-6 in sepsis.","volume":"30","author":"Torpy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R16","first-page":"3084","article-title":"Interleukin-1 increases serum leptin levels in humans.","volume":"82","author":"Janik","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/29795","article-title":"Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression.","volume":"394","author":"Lord","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R18","first-page":"2149","article-title":"Gender differences in both spontaneous and stimulated leptin secretion by human omental adipose tissue in vitro: dexamethasone and estradiol stimulate leptin release in women, but not in men.","volume":"83","author":"Casabiell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)30062-0","article-title":"Dating the endometrial biopsy.","volume":"1","author":"Noyes","year":"1950","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.4.913","article-title":"Leptin concentrations in normal women following bilateral ovariectomy.","volume":"14","author":"Messinis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R21","first-page":"545","article-title":"Endometriosis and body fat distribution.","volume":"82","author":"McCann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.3.732","article-title":"Leptin elimination in hyperleptinaemic peritoneal dialysis patients.","volume":"14","author":"Landt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00088.x","article-title":"Low leptin gene expression and hyperleptinemia in chronic renal failure.","volume":"54","author":"Nordfors","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.5.3935","article-title":"Levels of leptin in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, and arterial and venous cord blood: relation to neonatal and placental weight.","volume":"82","author":"Schubring","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0596-589","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans.","volume":"5","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020071619321474500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49993-0","article-title":"Interleukin-1, a possible role in the infertility associated with endometriosis.","volume":"47","author":"Fahih H., Bagget","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/85\/7\/2483\/9178092\/jcem2483.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/85\/7\/2483\/9178092\/jcem2483.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]],"date-time":"2023-07-09T14:57:23Z","timestamp":1688914643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/85\/7\/2483\/2852422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6703","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]}}}