{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T04:00:42Z","timestamp":1770436842554,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most women with Turner syndrome (TS) have no gonadal activity and thus lack estrogen. Bone mineral density (BMD) is often reduced, leading to an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. However, growth retardation with reduced final height and other endocrine disturbances may compromise interpretation of skeletal measurements. The aim of the present study was to explore skeletal findings, bone metabolism, and calcium homeostasis in TS. Sixty women with TS (age, 37 \u00b1 9 yr) and 181 normal age-matched female controls were studied. Bone area (A; square centimeters), bone mineral content (BMC; grams), area-adjusted BMD (aBMD; grams\/square centimeter), and volumetric BMD (vBMD; grams\/cubic centimeter) were measured at lumbar spine, femoral neck, and forearm using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Twenty-eight percent had osteopenia, and 23% had osteoporosis, according to World Health Organization criteria. At the lumbar spine, A, BMC, aBMD, and vBMD were reduced by 18, 27, 11, and 6%, respectively; at the femoral neck, A, BMC, and aBMD were reduced by 2, 10, and 8%, respectively, whereas the 9% reduction in vBMD was insignificant (P = 0.07); and in the forearm, A, BMC, and aBMD were reduced by 53, 55, and 9%, respectively. Bone markers indicated an enhanced bone resorption (21 and 23% increase in C-terminal and N-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type I collagen\/creatinine, respectively) with unchanged (osteocalcin, procollagen I N-terminal propeptide) or reduced (54% reduction in bone alkaline phosphatase) bone formation. Plasma levels of calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (26%) were reduced, and PTH levels increased (74%) in TS. IGF-I (30%), IGF binding protein 3 (18%), testosterone (50%), and SHBG (40%) were reduced in TS.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In summary, A, BMC, and aBMD were found to be universally reduced in TS, whereas vBMD was slightly reduced in the spine. Increased resorption of bone was present, with normal or blunted bone formation, suggesting uncoupling or imbalance in bone remodeling. Skeletal changes may be induced by chromosome abnormalities or by secondary endocrine or metabolic changes related to a relative estrogen deficiency, testosterone deficiency, reduced IGF-I, low vitamin D status, and secondary hyperparathyroidism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T17:08:26Z","timestamp":1389200906000},"page":"2798-2808","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Marked Disproportionality in Bone Size and Mineral, and Distinct Abnormalities in Bone Markers and Calcitropic Hormones in Adult Turner Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Claus H\u00f8jbjerg","family":"Gravholt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes) and Medical Research Laboratories (C.H.G., J.S.C.), DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Lis","family":"Lauridsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry (A.L.L.), Aarhus Kommunehospital, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Brixen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology (K.B.), Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Mosekilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (K.B., L.M.), DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lene","family":"Heickendorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry (L.H.), Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens Sandahl","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department M (Endocrinology and Diabetes) and Medical Research Laboratories (C.H.G., J.S.C.), DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","reference":[{"key":"2020071619145955100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(74)80755-9","article-title":"Osteoporosis in ovarian dysgenesis.","volume":"84","author":"Brown","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650040210","article-title":"Bone demineralization, biochemical indices of bone remodeling, and estrogen replacement therapy in adults with Turner\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"4","author":"Stepan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02411296","article-title":"Skeletal demineralization in Turner\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"34","author":"Shore","year":"1982","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90441-X","article-title":"Effect of hormone replacement therapy on spinal bone mineral density and T lymphocyte subsets in premature ovarian failure and Turner\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"42","author":"Kurabayashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb00544.x","article-title":"Osteoporosis in Turner\u2019s syndrome and other forms of primary amenorrhoea.","volume":"43","author":"Davies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320047","article-title":"Bone mineral density in middle-aged women with Turner\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"132","author":"Sylven","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.00849.x","article-title":"Undiagnosed morbidity in adult women with Turner\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"45","author":"Garden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00841.x","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fractures in Turner syndrome: importance of growth promoting and oestrogen therapy.","volume":"51","author":"Landin-Wilhelmsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00237-0","article-title":"Morbidity in Turner syndrome.","volume":"51","author":"Gravholt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02565125","article-title":"Skeletal size and bone mineral content in Turner\u2019s syndrome: relation to karyotype, estrogen treatment, physical fitness, and bone turnover.","volume":"49","author":"Naeraa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R11","first-page":"747","article-title":"Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on bone mineral content in girls with Turner syndrome.","volume":"79","author":"Mora","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90078-0","article-title":"Estrogen therapy enhances calcium absorption and retention and diminishes bone turnover in young girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome: a calcium kinetic study.","volume":"46","author":"Mauras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R13","first-page":"72","article-title":"Volumetric bone mineral density in young women with Turner\u2019s syndrome treated with estrogens or estrogens plus growth hormone.","volume":"53","author":"Bertelloni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R14","first-page":"585","article-title":"Estrogen deficiency in adolescents and young adults: impact on bone mineral content and effects of estrogen replacement therapy.","volume":"76","author":"Emans","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.10.2005","article-title":"Spontaneous, but not induced, puberty permits adequate bone mass acquisition in adolescent Turner syndrome patients.","volume":"15","author":"Carrascosa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R16","first-page":"861","article-title":"Turner syndrome adolescents receiving growth hormone are not osteopenic.","volume":"76","author":"Neely","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000184619","article-title":"Bone mineral density of prepubertal age girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome while on growth hormone therapy.","volume":"44","author":"Lanes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R18","first-page":"998","article-title":"Mineral metabolism in Turner\u2019s syndrome: evidence for impaired renal vitamin D metabolism and normal osteoblast function.","volume":"75","author":"Saggese","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12289.x","article-title":"Assessment of thyroidal \u201cC\u201d cell secretion in osteoporotic girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome. Basal and calcium-stimulated levels of total calcitonin, extractable calcitonin and katakalcin.","volume":"81","author":"Saggese","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650030613","article-title":"Determinants of peak trabecular bone density in women: the role of androgens, estrogen, and exercise.","volume":"3","author":"Buchanan","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118382","article-title":"Sex steroids, bone mass, and bone loss. A prospective study of pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women.","volume":"97","author":"Slemenda","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R22","first-page":"691","article-title":"Clinical review 61: effects of growth hormone on human bone biology.","volume":"79","author":"Inzucchi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000179498","article-title":"Subnormal pubertal increases of serum androgens in Turner\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"16","author":"Apter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00720.x","article-title":"Low androgen levels in adult Turner syndrome: influence of female sex hormones and growth hormone status.","volume":"50","author":"Gravholt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R25","first-page":"E308","article-title":"Reduced free IGF-I and increased IGFBP-3 proteolysis in Turner syndrome: modulation by female sex steroids","volume":"280","author":"Gravholt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R26","first-page":"307","article-title":"Performance characteristics of different immunoassays for determination of parathyrin (1\u201384) in human plasma samples.","volume":"33","author":"Withold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071119","article-title":"A specific immunoassay for monitoring human bone resorption: quantitation of type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides in urine.","volume":"7","author":"Hanson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.10.1439","article-title":"Measurement of a more stable region of osteocalcin in serum by ELISA with two monoclonal antibodies.","volume":"41","author":"Rosenquist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.4.648","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of Iso-ALP test kit for measurement of bone alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and plasma.","volume":"39","author":"Rosalki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.6.947","article-title":"Immunoassay for intact amino-terminal propeptide of human type I procollagen.","volume":"42","author":"Melkko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.4.715","article-title":"Rapid equilibrium radioimmunoassay for the amino-terminal propeptide of human type III procollagen.","volume":"34","author":"Risteli","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.4.635","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay for the pyridinoline cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen: a new serum marker of bone collagen degradation.","volume":"39","author":"Risteli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.3.529","article-title":"Determination of vitamin D status by radioimmunoassay with an 125I-labeled tracer.","volume":"39","author":"Hollis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/32.11.2060","article-title":"Assay of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D involving a novel single-cartridge extraction and purification procedure.","volume":"32","author":"Hollis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.4.753","article-title":"Mean serum concentration of vitamin D-binding protein (Gc globulin) is related to the Gc phenotype in women.","volume":"47","author":"Lauridsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R36","first-page":"169","article-title":"Non-competitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assays for determination of human insulin-like growth factor I and II.","volume":"5","author":"Frystyk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Growth Regul"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.71.849.10195008","article-title":"Diagnosis of osteoporosis by planar bone densitometry: can body size be disregarded?","volume":"71","author":"Pors Nielsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.3.482","article-title":"Mathematical ratios lead to spurious conclusions regarding age- and sex-related differences in resting metabolic rate.","volume":"61","author":"Poehlman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19971112)72:4<403::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Reference values for body proportions and body composition in adult women with Turner\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"72","author":"Gravholt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-2-355","article-title":"Normal bone density of the wrist and spine and increased wrist fractures in girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"73","author":"Ross","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0597-54","article-title":"Pseudoautosomal deletions encompassing a novel homeobox gene cause growth failure in idiopathic short stature and Turner syndrome.","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.8.1341","article-title":"PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome.","volume":"6","author":"Ellison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.5.695","article-title":"The short stature homeobox gene SHOX is involved in skeletal abnormalities in Turner syndrome.","volume":"9","author":"Clement-Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.38.1.1","article-title":"SHOX haploinsufficiency and overdosage: impact of gonadal function status.","volume":"38","author":"Ogata","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.12.6289","article-title":"Skeletal features and growth patterns in 14 patients with haploinsufficiency of SHOX: implications for the development of Turner syndrome.","volume":"84","author":"Kosho","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00389-1","article-title":"Decreased bone mass despite long-term estrogen replacement therapy in young women with Turner\u2019s syndrome and previously normal bone density.","volume":"72","author":"Lanes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R47","first-page":"1060","article-title":"Longitudinal monitoring of bone mass accumulation in healthy adolescents: evidence for a marked reduction after 16 years of age at the levels of lumbar spine and femoral neck in female subjects.","volume":"75","author":"Theintz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R48","first-page":"57","article-title":"Bone mineral density in children and adolescents: relation to puberty, calcium intake, and physical activity.","volume":"82","author":"Boot","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2020071619145955100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(96)01015-8","article-title":"Estrogen and bone metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Vaananen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.11.1851","article-title":"Premenopausal ovariectomy-related bone loss: a randomized, double-blind, one-year trial of conjugated estrogen or medroxyprogesterone acetate.","volume":"12","author":"Prior","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R51","first-page":"1739","article-title":"Aromatase deficiency in a female who is compound heterozygote for two new point mutations in the P450arom gene: impact of estrogens on hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, multicystic ovaries, and bone densitometry in childhood.","volume":"82","author":"Mullis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R52","first-page":"2286","article-title":"Effect of sex hormone replacement on the insulin-like growth factor system and bone mineral: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in 595 perimenopausal women participating in the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study.","volume":"84","author":"Vestergaard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00963.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study on bone mineral density until adulthood in girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome participating in a growth hormone injection frequency-response trial.","volume":"52","author":"Sass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00104-8","article-title":"Plasma vitamin D-binding protein (Gc-globulin): multiple tasks.","volume":"53","author":"Haddad","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00219-7","article-title":"Differing shapes of 1 \u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 function as ligands for the D-binding protein, nuclear receptor and membrane receptor: a status report.","volume":"56","author":"Norman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899309147301","article-title":"Biochemical markers of bone metabolism.","volume":"25","author":"Risteli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2020071619145955100_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1997.1640702.x","article-title":"Decreased sensitivity to insulin-like growth factor I in Turner\u2019s syndrome: a study of monocytes and T lymphocytes.","volume":"27","author":"Hochberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/87\/6\/2798\/10406462\/jcem2798.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/87\/6\/2798\/10406462\/jcem2798.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T04:22:01Z","timestamp":1594959721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/87\/6\/2798\/2847321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]},"references-count":57,"aliases":["10.1210\/jc.87.6.2798"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8598","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]}}}