{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T13:20:52Z","timestamp":1768396852017,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An adrenal mass is an abnormal growth or tumor that develops in one or both adrenal glands. These can be benign or malignant. They are common, with a prevalence of 1% to 6% in the general adult population. While opportunistic infections such as histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis are known to rarely cause adrenal masses (&amp;lt;1%), with histoplasmosis presenting as an adrenal mass in 0.85% of cases in HIV patients, the incidence of Mycobacterium species causing adrenalitis is even lower, making it an infrequent clinical entity. We present a case of a patient without any obvious immunocompromise who presented with a unilateral adrenal mass initially thought to be a neuroendocrine tumor due to markedly elevated pancreatic polypeptide. He underwent a right adrenalectomy due to the increasing size of the mass and was diagnosed with an adrenal Mycobacterium infection. The differential diagnosis of an adrenal mass is discussed, and the role of endocrinologists in diagnosing and managing this case is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jcemcr\/luaf308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T13:44:23Z","timestamp":1764942263000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When an Adrenal Mass Isn\u2019t Cancer: A Rare Case of\n                    <i>Mycobacterium genavense<\/i>\n                    Mimicking a Neuroendocrine Tumor"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7337-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjini","family":"Vengilote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester Regional Health , Rochester, NY 14621 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5693-9170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyiyechukwu","family":"Onwudiwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Unity Hospital, Rochester Regional Health , Rochester, NY 14626 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ogochukwu","family":"Oputa-Onwusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova 200337 ,","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiqing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY 14642 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyaw Zin","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Unity Hospital, Rochester Regional Health , Rochester, NY 14626 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"2026011403005468900_luaf308-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2031112","article-title":"Adrenal incidentaloma","volume":"384","author":"Kebebew","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026011403005468900_luaf308-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2021.08.010","article-title":"ACR appropriateness criteria(R) adrenal mass evaluation: 2021 update","volume":"18","author":"Expert Panel on Urological Imaging","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"2026011403005468900_luaf308-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619459","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.619459","article-title":"HIV-associated disseminated histoplasmosis and rare adrenal involvement: evidence of absence or absence of evidence","volume":"11","author":"Nacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026011403005468900_luaf308-B4","first-page":"60","article-title":"Disseminated cryptococcosis associated with adrenal masses and insufficiency","volume":"316","author":"Kawamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026011403005468900_luaf308-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-025-17296-8","article-title":"The landmark series: evaluation and management of adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"32","author":"Owei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011403005468900_luaf308-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1404630","article-title":"Mycobacterium genavense infections in non-HIV immunocompromised hosts: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Mahmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011403005468900_luaf308-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01266.x","article-title":"A critical examination of adrenal tuberculosis and a 28-year autopsy experience of active tuberculosis","volume":"54","author":"Lam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026011403005468900_luaf308-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03817.x","article-title":"Mycobacterium genavense in the Netherlands: an opportunistic pathogen in HIV and non-HIV immunocompromised patients. 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