{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T21:18:18Z","timestamp":1785705498234,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Neoplasms that secrete ectopic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) may cause severe, life-threatening hypercortisolism. These tumors are often difficult to localize and treat, requiring a comprehensive and systematic management plan orchestrated by a multidisciplinary team. The Mount Sinai Adrenal Center hosted an interdisciplinary retreat of experts in adrenal disorders and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) with the aim of developing a clinical pathway for the management of Cushing syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production. The result was institutional recommendations for the diagnosis, localization, surgical approaches to intrathoracic tumors and bilateral adrenalectomy, and perioperative and postoperative medical management of hypercortisolism and its sequelae. Specific recommendations were made regarding the timing and selection of therapies based on the considerations of our team as well as a review of the current literature. Our clinical pathway can be applied by other institutions directly or serve as a guide for institution-specific management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvac073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T10:15:27Z","timestamp":1651832127000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Mount Sinai Clinical Pathway for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypercortisolism due to Ectopic ACTH Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Eva L","family":"Alba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Adrenal Center, Division of Endocrine, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A","family":"Japp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Fernandez-Ranvier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic, Endocrine, and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketan","family":"Badani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Wilck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munir","family":"Ghesani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward M","family":"Wolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Carcinoid and Neuroendocrine Tumors, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Steinmetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic, Endocrine, and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Skamagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Adrenal Center, Division of Endocrine, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0634-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice C","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Adrenal Center, Division of Endocrine, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1197-6380","article-title":"Mortality of patients with Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"129","author":"Ntali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14014","article-title":"The incidence of endogenous Cushing\u2019s syndrome in the modern era","volume":"91","author":"Wengander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3007","article-title":"Cortisol as a marker for increased mortality in patients with incidental adrenocortical adenomas","volume":"99","author":"Debono","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0004","first-page":"1780","article-title":"Effectiveness versus efficacy: the limited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppression testing in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Aron","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.78.2.8106630","article-title":"A comparison of the standard high dose dexamethasone suppression test and the overnight 8-mg dexamethasone suppression test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Dichek","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"9996","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61375-1","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"386","author":"Lacroix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","article-title":"The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"93","author":"Nieman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0008","first-page":"176","article-title":"a combined test using desmopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone in the differential diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Newell-Price","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R201","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0007","article-title":"Diagnosis of endocrine disease: the role of the desmopressin test in the diagnosis and follow-up of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"178","author":"Vassiliadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2734","article-title":"Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement","volume":"93","author":"Biller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0968","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical features of the ectopic ACTH syndrome in patients with gastroenteropancreatic and thoracic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"174","author":"Kamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0809","article-title":"Prognostic factors in ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to neuroendocrine tumors: a multicenter study","volume":"176","author":"Davi\u2019","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161677.OR","article-title":"Ectopic Cushing syndrome: a 10-year experience from a tertiary care center in southern India","volume":"23","author":"Sathyakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2527","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to ectopic corticotropin secretion: twenty years\u2019 experience at the National Institutes of Health","volume":"90","author":"Ilias","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0015","first-page":"332","article-title":"[Cushing syndrome by ectopic ACTH secretion: analysis of the physiopathologic mechanism of hypokalemia. Report of two cases]","volume":"127","author":"Campusano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.17290","article-title":"Cushing syndrome: diagnostic workup and imaging features, with clinical and pathologic correlation","volume":"209","author":"Wagner-Bartak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2008.11928380","article-title":"The ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome in carcinoid tumors","volume":"21","author":"Fazel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bayl Univ Med Cent Proc."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-1589","article-title":"Conventional and nuclear medicine imaging in ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Isidori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R29","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0877","article-title":"Management of endocrine disease: Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion: an expert operational opinion","volume":"182","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2035","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab058","article-title":"Acute and life-threatening complications in Cushing syndrome: prevalence, predictors, and mortality","volume":"106","author":"Schernthaner-Reiter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15647.OR","article-title":"Clinical presentation and long-term outcome of patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome due to bronchial carcinoid tumors: a one-center experience","volume":"21","author":"Tsirona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13099","article-title":"ACTH-producing thymic neuroendocrine tumor initially presenting as psychosis: a case report and literature review","volume":"10","author":"Okumura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3582","article-title":"Multisystem morbidity and mortality in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a cohort study","volume":"98","author":"Dekkers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02168.x","article-title":"High cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome according to 1999 WHO\/ISH guidelines","volume":"61","author":"Mancini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02278","article-title":"Ectopic ACTH syndrome: our experience with 25 cases","volume":"155","author":"Salgado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0026","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Human skin as target for aldosterone: coexpression of mineralocorticoid receptors and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase","volume":"79","author":"Kenouch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00805","article-title":"Hypercoagulability and risk of venous thromboembolic events in endogenous cushing\u2019s syndrome: a systematic meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12094","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"78","author":"van der Pas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvz033","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvz033","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in Cushing syndrome, prevalence of thrombotic events: a large, single-center, retrospective study","volume":"4","author":"Suarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0030","first-page":"3662","article-title":"Anticoagulant prophylaxis markedly reduces thromboembolic complications in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Boscaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000314316","article-title":"Management of diabetes mellitus in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Munir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofx002","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx002","article-title":"Characteristics and mortality of pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a plea for timely initiation of chemoprophylaxis","volume":"4","author":"van Halem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R207","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1309","article-title":"Management of endocrine disease: cardiovascular risk assessment, thromboembolism, and infection prevention in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a practical approach","volume":"184","author":"Varlamov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00829","article-title":"Diverticular perforation: a fatal complication to forestall in Cushing syndrome","volume":"103","author":"Sater","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9721781","article-title":"Intestinal perforation in ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"2019","author":"Shahidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1818","article-title":"Treatment of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"100","author":"Nieman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119374800","volume-title":"Endocrine and Metabolic Medical Emergencies: A Clinician\u2019s Guide.","author":"Matfin","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0274","article-title":"Therapy in endocrine disease: etomidate in the management of hypercortisolaemia in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a review","volume":"167","author":"Preda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00235-7","article-title":"Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing\u2019s disease: a guideline update","volume":"9","author":"Fleseriu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3628","article-title":"Ketoconazole in Cushing\u2019s disease: is it worth a try?","volume":"99","author":"Castinetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0886","article-title":"Hepatic safety of ketoconazole in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: results of a compassionate use programme in France","volume":"178","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2616","article-title":"Effectiveness of metyrapone in treating Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a retrospective multicenter study in 195 patients","volume":"100","author":"Daniel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0617","article-title":"A multicenter, Phase 2 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of osilodrostat, a new 11\u03b2-hydroxylase inhibitor, in Japanese patients with endogenous Cushing\u2019s syndrome other than Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"67","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0147","article-title":"Rapid control of severe ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome by oral osilodrostat monotherapy","volume":"184","author":"Bessi\u00e8ne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2020.40.4.285","article-title":"Cortisol measurements in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: immunoassay or mass spectrometry?","volume":"40","author":"Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1048","article-title":"The treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Pivonello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0913","article-title":"Rapid control of severe neoplastic hypercortisolism with metyrapone and ketoconazole","volume":"172","author":"Corcuff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0536","article-title":"Mitotane, metyrapone, and ketoconazole combination therapy as an alternative to rescue adrenalectomy for severe ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Kamenick\u00fd","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30155-4","article-title":"Advances in the medical treatment of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Feelders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.05.003","article-title":"Advances in the medical treatment of Cushing disease","volume":"49","author":"Tritos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13818","article-title":"Mifepristone in the treatment of the ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Wannachalee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.03.54","article-title":"Surgical treatment of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome with intra-thoracic tumor","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2006.0051","article-title":"Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: what (little) do we know?","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2015.08.007","article-title":"Minimally invasive adrenalectomy","volume":"25","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21565","article-title":"Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: balancing the operative indications with the technical advances","volume":"101","author":"Mazzaglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181ebb4f0","article-title":"The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pancreas."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-015-1367-y","article-title":"Management of adrenal incidentaloma by laparoscopic transperitoneal anterior and submesocolic approach","volume":"401","author":"Paganini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2009.06.057","article-title":"Comparison of laparoscopic transabdominal lateral versus posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy","volume":"146","author":"Berber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surgery."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.12.042","article-title":"Minimally invasive approach for adrenal lesions: systematic review of laparoscopic versus retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy and assessment of risk factors for complications","volume":"28","author":"Conzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667985","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.667985","article-title":"Comparison of posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy versus lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors: a systematic review and meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90107-9","article-title":"Somatostatin analogs in ectopic corticotropin production","volume":"45","author":"von Werder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00510.x","article-title":"Occult ectopic ACTH secretion due to recurrent lung carcinoid: long-term control of hypercortisolism by continuous subcutaneous infusion of octreotide","volume":"49","author":"Van den Bruel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-5-988","article-title":"Suppression of ectopic adrenocorticotropin secretion by the long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide","volume":"68","author":"Bertagna","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000811","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2020-000811","article-title":"How I treat neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"5","author":"Kiesewetter","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESMO Open."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.4004","article-title":"A randomized study of temozolomide or temozolomide and capecitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a trial of the ECOG-ACRIN cancer research group (E2211)","volume":"33","author":"Kunz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0361","article-title":"Capecitabine and temozolomide in advanced lung neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"25","author":"Al-Toubah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncologist."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00713","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of significant Improvement after CAPTEM treatment for rare adrenocorticotropin-producing cardiac neuroendocrine tumor","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607427","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of 177lu-dotatate for midgut neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"376","author":"Strosberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i15.2640","article-title":"Is there still a role for the hepatic locoregional treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors in the era of systemic targeted therapies?","volume":"23","author":"Cavalcoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"33","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.41.4326","article-title":"Ectopic adrenal corticotropic hormone syndrome improved by transarterial embolization to hepatic metastatic lesions of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"issue":"10022","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00817-X","article-title":"Everolimus for the treatment of advanced, non-functional neuroendocrine tumours of the lung or gastrointestinal tract (RADIANT-4): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","volume":"387","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009290","article-title":"Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"364","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.11.004","article-title":"Case report: ectopic ACTH secretion due to a metastatic atypical lung carcinoid tumor: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"80","author":"Hoornaert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13510","article-title":"Interactions between anti-infective agents and immunosuppressants\u2014guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Sparkes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transplant."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003825","article-title":"Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"364","author":"Raymond","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v851","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz394.073","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of surufatinib in patients with well differentiated advanced extra-pancreatic neuoendocrine tumors (NETs): results from the randomized phase III study (SANET-ep)","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Oncol."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0077","article-title":"FDA approval sought for surufatinib in pancreatic and extra-pancreatic NETs","journal-title":"Target Oncology."},{"key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.4_suppl.228","article-title":"Phase II trial of cabozantinib in patients with carcinoid and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET)","volume":"35","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2022053122473292100_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03368","article-title":"Lenvatinib in patients with advanced grade 1\/2 pancreatic and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: results of the Phase II TALENT Trial (GETNE1509)","volume":"39","author":"Capdevila","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Endocrine Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvac073\/43587445\/bvac073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article-pdf\/6\/7\/bvac073\/43893270\/bvac073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article-pdf\/6\/7\/bvac073\/43893270\/bvac073.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T22:48:28Z","timestamp":1654037308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article\/doi\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvac073\/6581577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvac073","relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"article-number":"bvac073"}}