{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T04:41:04Z","timestamp":1792471264775,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Turner syndrome is one of the most frequently reported sex chromosomal abnormalities, affecting approximately 40 in every 100\u2005000 live female births. The underlying chromosomal alteration is the complete or partial loss of X chromosome or mosaicism. Because of primary ovarian insufficiency, the synthesis of estrogen hormones is compromised, and patients require hormone substitution. Apart from the phenotypical presentation (short stature, primary amenorrhea), the effects of ovarian insufficiency can affect diverse organ systems (such as cardiovascular, endocrine, and lymphatic systems). Hepatobiliary pathology can present on a broad spectrum: from mild asymptomatic hypertransaminasemia to marked architectural changes. Estrogen hormone replacement therapy in these patients can improve the perturbations of laboratory values and can attenuate the progression of hepatic structural changes. Moreover, providing sufficient estrogen replacement has numerous benefits for other conditions of the patients as well. Both the all-cause mortality and deaths from cardiovascular complications are greatly increased in Turner syndrome, and hormone replacement might contribute to the decreased incidence of these events. The diagnostics of Turner syndrome are outside the scope of our paper, and we briefly discuss the cardiovascular complications because many the liver involvement partially involves alterations of vascular origin. Though we sought to highlight the importance of proper hormone replacement therapy, we did not attempt to write a comprehensive recommendation for exact treatment protocols. We provided an overview of preferred therapeutic approaches, as the treatment should be tailored according to the individual patient\u2019s needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvac124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:48:53Z","timestamp":1660178933000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Liver Abnormalities in Turner Syndrome: The Importance of Estrogen Replacement"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istvan","family":"Fedor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , 4012, Debrecen , Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , 4032, Debrecen , Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Zold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , 4032, Debrecen , Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Barta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , 4031, Debrecen , Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1159\/000502842","article-title":"Further delineation of liver involvement in girls and women with Turner syndrome: case report of a 2-year-old with liver dysfunction and review of patients followed in the MassGeneral Hospital Turner Syndrome Clinic","volume":"92","author":"Jafri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0002","first-page":"363","article-title":"Turner syndrome and genetic polymorphism: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"de Marqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr (English Ed)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0430","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting","volume":"177","author":"Gravholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519896914","article-title":"Turner syndrome with rapidly progressive puberty: a case report and literature review","volume":"48","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0540","article-title":"New international Turner syndrome guideline: a multi-society feat","volume":"177","author":"Gravholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02137","article-title":"Effects of estrogen therapies on outcomes in Turner syndrome: assessment of induction of puberty and adult estrogen use","volume":"104","author":"Cameron-Pimblett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0005","article-title":"Germ cell tumors in the intersex gonad: old paths, new directions, moving frontiers","volume":"27","author":"Cools","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0008","first-page":"120","article-title":"Turner\u2019s syndrome in adulthood","volume":"23","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"70","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0009","first-page":"42","article-title":"Clinical and genetic aspects of Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Ibarra-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Univ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.08.021","article-title":"Genetic considerations in the patient with Turner syndrome--45,X with or without mosaicism","volume":"98","author":"Zhong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0011","first-page":"873","article-title":"Sindroma de turner da crian\u00e7a ao adulto:...uma abordagem multidisciplinar","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Med Port."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80284-4","article-title":"Echocardiography reveals a high incidence of bicuspid aortic valve in Turner syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Miller","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80700-4","article-title":"Aortic dilation, dissection, and rupture in patients with Turner syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Lin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.82.6.852","article-title":"Renal malformations in patients with Turner syndrome: imaging in 141 patients","volume":"82","author":"Lippe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1049","article-title":"Mortality in women with Turner syndrome in great Britain: a National Cohort Study","volume":"93","author":"Schoemaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.07.032","article-title":"Brain development in school-age and adolescent girls: effects of Turner syndrome, estrogen therapy, and genomic imprinting","volume":"87","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.79","article-title":"Cognitive profile of Turner syndrome NIH public access","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Disabil Res Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02183","article-title":"Estrogen replacement in Turner syndrome: literature review and practical considerations","volume":"103","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.33","article-title":"Endocrine and liver interaction: the role of endocrine pathways in NASH","volume":"6","author":"Loria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112841","article-title":"NAFLD in some common endocrine diseases: prevalence, pathophysiology, and principles of diagnosis and management","volume":"20","author":"Lonardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.03.005","article-title":"\u201cEndocrine NAFLD\u201d a hormonocentric perspective of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis","volume":"44","author":"Lonardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.16.02570-0","article-title":"Hypogonadism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Mintziori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6678142","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6678142","article-title":"Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and endocrinopathies: clinical implications. Filipovi\u0107 B, ed","volume":"2021","author":"Singeap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1765772","article-title":"Epigenetics factors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"16","author":"Pirola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105227","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: metabolic, genetic, epigenetic and environmental risk factors","volume":"18","author":"Juanola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98843-7","article-title":"Hepatobiliary phenotype of individuals with chronic intestinal disorders","volume":"11","author":"Voss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1104","article-title":"The patient with Turner syndrome: puberty and medical management concerns","volume":"98","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"12","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000142290.35842.B0","article-title":"Major vascular anomalies in Turner syndrome: prevalence and magnetic resonance angiographic features","volume":"110","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03166.x","article-title":"Elevated liver enzymes in Turner syndrome during a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"68","author":"El-Mansoury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2004.00487.x","article-title":"Estradiol levels in prepubertal boys and girls - analytical challenges","volume":"27","author":"Bay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Androl."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117616","article-title":"Estrogen levels in childhood determined by an ultrasensitive recombinant cell bioassay","volume":"94","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197311000-00006","article-title":"Plasma estrogens in childhood and puberty under physiologic and pathologic conditions","volume":"7","author":"Bidlingmaier","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12007","article-title":"Liver involvement in Turner syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Roulot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2006.06.006","article-title":"Hepatic disease in Turner syndrome","volume":"1298","author":"Roulot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Congr Ser."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20026","article-title":"Vascular involvement of the liver in Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Roulot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i11.1400","article-title":"Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: evolving concepts on under diagnosed cause of portal hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Hartleb","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.11.043","article-title":"Focal nodular hyperplasia","volume":"58","author":"Vilgrain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2016.0101","article-title":"Benign hepatocellular nodules of healthy liver: focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma","volume":"22","author":"Roncalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310051163","article-title":"Liver abnormalities in Turner syndrome","volume":"158","author":"Salerno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40792-016-0194-x","article-title":"Liver transplantation for a patient with Turner syndrome presenting severe portal hypertension: a case report and literature review","volume":"2","author":"Kawabata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Case Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa134","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa134","article-title":"NAFLD and NASH in postmenopausal women: implications for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"161","author":"DiStefano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"issue":"25","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7613","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i25.7613","article-title":"Liver disease in menopause","volume":"21","author":"Brady","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00526-1","article-title":"Oophorectomy and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and primary liver cancer in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"34","author":"Florio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1939","article-title":"Excess visceral and hepatic adipose tissue in Turner syndrome determined by magnetic resonance imaging: estrogen deficiency associated with hepatic adipose content","volume":"90","author":"Ostberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030313","article-title":"Dysmetabolic syndrome in a man with a novel mutation of the aromatase gene: effects of testosterone, alendronate, and estradiol treatment","volume":"89","author":"Maffei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00511","article-title":"Autoimmunity predisposition in girls with turner syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Wegiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0047","first-page":"341","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases in Turner syndrome: an overview","volume":"90","author":"Khater","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s13317-012-0043-2","article-title":"The X-factor in primary biliary cirrhosis: monosomy X and xenobiotics","volume":"3","author":"Bianchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun Highlights."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018817746291","article-title":"Current best practice in the management of Turner syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Shankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01321.x","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy may improve hepatic function in women with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0051","first-page":"166","article-title":"The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the Americas","volume-title":"Ann Hepatol.","author":"L\u00f3pez-vel\u00e1zquez","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000282080","article-title":"Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Bellentani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022942","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.22942","article-title":"Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US","volume":"3","author":"Pollard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32272","article-title":"Effect of increased alcohol consumption during COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol-associated liver disease: a modeling study","volume":"75","author":"Julien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0019","article-title":"Hypothesis: fructose-induced hyperuricemia as a causal mechanism for the epidemic of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.019","article-title":"Fructose and sugar: a major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12993","article-title":"Fructose metabolism as a common evolutionary pathway of survival associated with climate change, food shortage and droughts","volume":"287","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.045","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of secondary causes of steatohepatitis","volume":"74","author":"Liebe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/256426","article-title":"Mild hypertransaminasemia in primary care","volume":"2013","author":"Al-Busafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Hepatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.34.9.420","article-title":"Turner syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Milbrandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12104","article-title":"Assessing and addressing cardiovascular risk in adults with Turner syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Turtle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2165\/00129784-200202060-00005","article-title":"Turner syndrome and the heart: cardiovascular complications and treatment strategies","volume":"2","author":"Gravholt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Drugs."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02772.x","article-title":"A dose-response study of hormone replacement in young hypogonadal women: effects on intima media thickness and metabolism","volume":"66","author":"Ostberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"24","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040552","article-title":"Incidence of aortic dissection in Turner syndrome: a 23-year prospective cohort study","volume":"139","author":"Thunstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-13-24","article-title":"Dilation of the ascending aorta in Turner syndrome - a prospective cardiovascular magnetic resonance study","volume":"13","author":"Mortensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson."},{"issue":"7-8","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2008.05.007","article-title":"Cardiovascular abnormalities in Turner\u2019s syndrome: what prevention?","volume":"101","author":"Dulac","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2015.04.005","article-title":"Cardiometabolic and vascular risks in young and adolescent girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Mavinkurve","year":"2015","journal-title":"BBA Clin."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04190.x","article-title":"Coagulation and fibrinolytic disturbances are related to carotid intima thickness and arterial blood pressure in Turner syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Gravholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0069","first-page":"767","article-title":"Techniques to ensure adequate portal flow in the presence of splenorenal shunts","volume":"13","author":"Perkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0070","first-page":"89","article-title":"Portal vein thrombosis and high factor VIII in Turner syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Kopacek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0071","first-page":"676","article-title":"Thrombophilic screening in Turner syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2012.11928834","article-title":"May-Thurner syndrome: a not so uncommon cause of a common condition","volume":"25","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Baylor Univ Med Cent Proc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959786","article-title":"Effect of oestrogen\/gestagen replacement therapy on liver enzymes in patients with Ullrich-Turner syndrome","volume":"154","author":"Wemme","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022091316572818500_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0070","article-title":"Quantitative liver functions in Turner syndrome with and without hormone replacement therapy","volume":"156","author":"Gravholt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Endocrine Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvac124\/45322054\/bvac124.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article-pdf\/6\/10\/bvac124\/45813430\/bvac124.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article-pdf\/6\/10\/bvac124\/45813430\/bvac124.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T13:57:25Z","timestamp":1700920645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article\/doi\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvac124\/6660710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvac124","relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"article-number":"bvac124"}}