{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T10:07:18Z","timestamp":1755598038857,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre of Research Excellence\u2019s Research Matching Fund supported by the University of Western Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is unclear whether immersion in cool water, typical of many beaches, increases the concentration of blood glucose in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To test the hypothesis in individuals with T1DM that immersion neck-deep in cool water (COOL) causes an increase in blood glucose concentration, but not exposure to thermoneutral water (THERMO) or thermoneutral air.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eight overnight-fasted participants with T1DM were exposed for 60 minutes on separate days to 3 experimental conditions: cool water (COOL, 23 \u00b0C); thermoneutral water (THERMO, 33.5 \u00b0C); or thermoneutral air (24 \u00b0C). They then recovered for 60 minutes on land at 24 \u00b0C. At time intervals, we measured: blood glucose and plasma insulin concentration, rate of carbohydrate and fat oxidation, skin and core temperature, subcutaneous blood flow, and shivering via electromyography.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There was no change in blood glucose concentration during the 3 experimental conditions (P &amp;gt; .05). During recovery after COOL, blood glucose increased (P &amp;lt; .05) but did not change in the other 2 conditions. The rate of carbohydrate oxidation during and early after COOL was higher than in the other 2 conditions (P &amp;lt; .05), and COOL led to a decrease in subcutaneous blood flow and the concentration of plasma insulin (P &amp;lt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cool or thermoneutral neck-deep immersion in water does not cause a change in the concentration of blood glucose in people with T1DM, but on-land recovery from COOL causes an increase in blood glucose that may be due, at least in part, to the accompanying decrease in plasma insulin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T18:19:36Z","timestamp":1697653176000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Neck-Deep Immersion in Cool or Thermoneutral Water on Blood Glucose Levels in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8736-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina J","family":"Abramoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009 , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009 , Australia"},{"name":"Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute , Nedlands, WA 6009 , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren L","family":"De Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009 , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane K","family":"Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, WA 6009 , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4244-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute , Nedlands, WA 6009 , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy W","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute , Nedlands, WA 6009 , 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