{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:36:49Z","timestamp":1788849409234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incretin-based therapies\u2014glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) such as semaglutide and the dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide\u2014have transformed the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. However, substantial interindividual variability in therapeutic response remains incompletely explained by clinical factors alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of PubMed, SciSpace, and Google Scholar was conducted (through May 2026) using terms including GLP1R, GIPR, polymorphisms, pharmacogenomics, semaglutide, tirzepatide, and Italian population. Relevant original studies, genome-wide association studies, and reviews were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Common GLP1R variants\u2014notably rs6923761 (Gly168Ser) and rs10305492 (Ala316Thr)\u2014modulate receptor expression, G-protein coupling efficiency, and downstream cAMP signaling, translating to differential HbA1c reduction and weight loss with GLP-1RAs. GIPR rs1800437 (Glu354Gln), present at \u223c20% frequency in Europeans, is associated with altered incretin effect and increased nausea\/vomiting risk with tirzepatide (OR 1.83). Geographic analyses reveal significant allele frequency variation between European, East Asian, and African populations; Italian-specific data remain limited but suggest frequencies consistent with broader Southern European patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacogenomic profiling of GLP1R and GIPR variants holds promise for personalizing incretin therapy. Prospective studies in Italian and broader Mediterranean cohorts are needed to define clinically actionable genotype\u2013phenotype relationships and inform precision endocrinology practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvag149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:47:24Z","timestamp":1783511244000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Personalization of incretin therapy: can GLP-1 and GIP receptor polymorphisms influence therapy response?"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7113-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"La Vignera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania , Catania 95123 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosita A","family":"Condorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania , Catania 95123 ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.01.004","article-title":"The biology of incretin hormones","volume":"3","author":"Drucker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","article-title":"Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity","volume":"387","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B5","first-page":"715","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying differential body weight outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with semaglutide","volume":"44","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12839","article-title":"Semaglutide as a promising antiobesity drug","volume":"20","author":"Christou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B7","first-page":"272","article-title":"Targeting islet cell function in type 2 diabetes treatment","volume":"28","author":"Vella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S251","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-s227","article-title":"Loss of incretin effect is a specific, important, and early characteristic of type 2 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Holst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13129","article-title":"Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Nauck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0049-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"19","author":"Wootten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B11","volume-title":"Ozempic (Semaglutide) Prescribing Information","year":"2023"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1831","article-title":"Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"325","author":"Wadden","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0417","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus exenatide ER in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 3)","volume":"41","author":"Ahmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107519","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Fr\u00edas","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"209","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209ra151","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007218","article-title":"Unimolecular dual incretins maximize metabolic benefits in rodents, monkeys, and humans","volume":"5","author":"Finan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140532","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140532","article-title":"Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist","volume":"5","author":"Willard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.02.006","article-title":"How may GIP enhance the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1?","volume":"31","author":"Samms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12932","article-title":"Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, gastric emptying, and blood glucose","volume":"19","author":"Blundell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.18.8641","article-title":"Expression cloning of the pancreatic beta cell receptor for the gluco-incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1","volume":"89","author":"Thorens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7657","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22800","article-title":"Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist","volume":"546","author":"Jazayeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.309328","article-title":"Second extracellular loop of human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) has a critical role in GLP-1 peptide binding and receptor activation","volume":"287","author":"Koole","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1868-1","article-title":"Genetic variability in GLP-1 receptor is associated with inter-individual differences in weight lowering potential of liraglutide in obese women with PCOS","volume":"71","author":"Jensterle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2005.05.001","article-title":"A human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor polymorphism results in reduced agonist responsiveness","volume":"130","author":"Beinborn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0200","article-title":"Common genetic variation in GLP1R and insulin secretion in response to exogenous GLP-1 in nondiabetic subjects","volume":"33","author":"Sathananthan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.192","article-title":"Causes and consequences of obesity: the contribution of recent twin studies","volume":"36","author":"Naukkarinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061759","article-title":"Switching from insulin to oral sulfonylureas in patients with diabetes due to Kir6.2 mutations","volume":"355","author":"Pearson","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B27","first-page":"486","article-title":"Polymorphism and ligand dependent changes in human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) function","volume":"81","author":"Koole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2011.07.005","article-title":"Molecular physiology of glucagon-like peptide-1 insulin secretagogue action in pancreatic \u03b2 cells","volume":"107","author":"Leech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(03)00111-3","article-title":"Both GLP-1 and GIP are insulinotropic at basal and postprandial glucose levels and contribute nearly equally to the incretin effect of a meal in healthy subjects","volume":"114","author":"Vilsb\u00f8ll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2021.100066","article-title":"Machine learning enables new insights into genetic contributions to liver fat accumulation","volume":"1","author":"Haas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0456-1","article-title":"A genetics-led approach defines the drug target landscape of 30 immune-related traits","volume":"51","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3478","article-title":"Trends in the exploitation of novel drug targets","volume":"10","author":"Rask-Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00340-0","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a genome-wide analysis of observational data and large randomised controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Dawed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194742","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI194742","article-title":"GLP-1RA precision medicine in people with type 2 diabetes: current insights and future prospects","volume":"136","author":"Cardoso","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B35","first-page":"1441","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine in type 2 diabetes Mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Venkatachalapathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics Pers Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.6.8243312","article-title":"Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor, a member of the secretin-vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor family, is widely distributed in peripheral organs and the brain","volume":"133","author":"Usdin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116186","article-title":"Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"91","author":"Nauck","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.11.6282","article-title":"Role of regulator of G protein signaling in desensitization of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor","volume":"139","author":"Tseng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051051","article-title":"Discovery of amino acid variants in the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor","volume":"41","author":"Almind","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6743","article-title":"Gastric inhibitory polypeptide activates MAP kinase through the wortmannin-sensitive and -insensitive pathways","volume":"235","author":"Kubota","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1332","article-title":"GIP does not potentiate the antidiabetic effects of GLP-1 in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Mentis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2710","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa327","article-title":"GIP as a therapeutic target in diabetes and obesity: insight from incretin co-agonists","volume":"105","author":"Holst","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00358.2007","article-title":"A novel GIP receptor splice variant influences GIP sensitivity of pancreatic beta-cells in obese mice","volume":"294","author":"Harada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01061-4","article-title":"Characterization of genetic variants of GIPR reveals a contribution of \u03b2-arrestin to metabolic phenotypes","volume":"6","author":"Kizilkaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)62083-7","article-title":"Functioning insulinoma \u2014 incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival of patients","volume":"66","author":"Service","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B46","first-page":"bqz033","article-title":"Human GIP(1-42) is a potent GIP receptor agonist and metabolically stable peptide","volume":"161","author":"Gabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.47.1.57","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) amide stimulates exocytosis in human pancreatic beta-cells by both proximal and distal regulatory steps in stimulus-secretion coupling","volume":"47","author":"Gromada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00314-8","article-title":"GIP biology and fat metabolism","volume":"66","author":"Yip","year":"2000","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/nm727","article-title":"Inhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide signaling prevents obesity","volume":"8","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7809","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2308-7","article-title":"The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans","volume":"581","author":"Karczewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7571","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Auton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B52","first-page":"104481","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor in diabetes management","volume":"70","author":"Kadiyska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666201203145654","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide","volume":"27","author":"Kyriakidou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30192-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment (PIONEER 5)","volume":"7","author":"Mosenzon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7218","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07331","article-title":"Genes mirror geography within Europe","volume":"456","author":"Novembre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13439","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13439","article-title":"DNA methylation-based biomarkers of aging were slowed down in a two-year diet and physical activity intervention trial","volume":"20","author":"Fiorito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1988.tb01098.x","article-title":"A genetic history of Italy","volume":"52","author":"Piazza","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.139","article-title":"Interpreting principal component analyses of spatial population genetic variation","volume":"40","author":"Novembre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B59","first-page":"147","article-title":"Mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplotype motifs as diagnostic markers of Jewish ancestry","volume":"54","author":"Tofanelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B60","first-page":"813","article-title":"Genetic variation in sardinia","volume":"66","author":"Ghiani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.19.2025","article-title":"A correlation between the relative predisposition of MHC class II alleles to type 1 diabetes and the structure of their proteins","volume":"10","author":"Cucca","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B62","first-page":"e45","article-title":"GLP1R genetic variants and response to GLP-1 receptor agonists in Italian patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"111","author":"Candido","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B63","first-page":"462","article-title":"Individualization of therapy in type 2 diabetes: clinical implications of pharmacogenomics","volume":"24","author":"Avogaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.233","article-title":"The Italian genome reflects the history of Europe and the Mediterranean basin","volume":"24","author":"Fiorito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-16-3-390","article-title":"Cell and molecular biology of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-I and glucose-dependent insulin releasing polypeptide","volume":"16","author":"Fehmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B66","first-page":"R1","article-title":"Molecular basis of parathyroid hormone receptor signaling and trafficking","volume":"47","author":"Vilardaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7459","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12357","article-title":"Structure of class B GPCR corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1","volume":"499","author":"Hollenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221585110","article-title":"Polar transmembrane interactions drive formation of ligand-specific and signal pathway-biased family B G protein-coupled receptor conformations","volume":"110","author":"Wootten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6614","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710402105","article-title":"\u03b2-arrestin-1 mediates glucagon-like peptide-1 signaling to insulin secretion in cultured pancreatic beta cells","volume":"105","author":"Sonoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4227-1","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics in type 2 diabetes: precision medicine or discovery tool?","volume":"60","author":"Florez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13075","article-title":"Personalized medicine in diabetes: the role of \u2018omics\u2019 and biomarkers","volume":"33","author":"Pearson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1799-4","article-title":"Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): how many cases are we missing?","volume":"53","author":"Shields","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B73","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a genome-wide analysis","volume":"46","author":"Dawed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B74","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Precision medicine for obesity","volume":"48","author":"A\u00f1azco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.03.007","article-title":"Advancing precision health discovery in a genetically diverse health system","volume":"189","author":"Haas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B76","first-page":"1466","article-title":"Precision medicine in type 2 diabetes: a multifaceted challenge","volume":"65","author":"Florez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026073109220148200_bvag149-B77","author":"Endocrine Society"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Endocrine Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvag149\/68718167\/bvag149.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article-pdf\/10\/8\/bvag149\/68718167\/bvag149.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article-pdf\/10\/8\/bvag149\/68718167\/bvag149.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:22:15Z","timestamp":1785504135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article\/doi\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvag149\/8728221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvag149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"article-number":"bvag149"}}