{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T02:25:39Z","timestamp":1787538339130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Permanent hypothyroidism (PH) after subacute thyroiditis (SAT) requires lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for PH and its association with treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective observational study of 743 patients diagnosed with SAT from 2016 to 2019 was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initial treatment was prednisolone (PSL) in 332 patients (44.7%), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in 364 (49.0%), and rest without medication in 47 (6.3%). Of the NSAID-treated patients, 238 (65.4%) switched to PSL. Final treatment was PSL in 570 (76.7%), NSAIDs in 126 (17.0%), and rest in 47 (6.3%). Permanent hypothyroidism occurred in 32 patients (4.3%). Prednisolone therapy was used less frequently in the PH group (46.9%) than in the euthyroid group (78.1%, P &amp;lt; .01). Multivariable logistic regression identified no PSL therapy (odds ratio [OR] 3.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.88-8.24, P &amp;lt; .01) and male sex (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.13-5.37, P = .03) as significant risk factors for PH.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with patients aged &amp;lt;70 years, those \u226570 years had significantly lower free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and C-reactive protein levels, but higher thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. The proportion of elderly patients receiving PSL therapy was lower (56.1% vs 77.9%; P &amp;lt; .01), and the duration of PSL therapy was shorter (P = .01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prednisolone therapy for SAT helps prevent PH through its anti-inflammatory effects. In younger patients, early PSL therapy may be preferable to reduce the risk of PH, as PH requires long-term levothyroxine therapy. In elderly patients, NSAIDs were often sufficient, whereas PSL therapy may be considered when clinically indicated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvag187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:24:53Z","timestamp":1786361093000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preventive effect of prednisolone on permanent hypothyroidism in subacute thyroiditis: retrospective study of 743 cases"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1638-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natsuko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7340-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeduk Yoshimura","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8380-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigenori","family":"Hiruma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azusa","family":"Aida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2877-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nami","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6815-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miho","family":"Fukushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7265-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masako","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1323-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai","family":"Yoshihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-9871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiminori","family":"Sugino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-3620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital , 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B1","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with subacute thyroiditis","volume":"70","author":"Kjellerup","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021799","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of subacute thyroiditis in an incidence cohort: Olmsted County, Minnesota, study","volume":"88","author":"Fatourechi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.01.003","article-title":"Subacute, silent, and postpartum thyroiditis","volume":"96","author":"Samuels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094176","article-title":"Biochemical and ultrasonographic parameters predicting long-term hypothyroidism after subacute thyroiditis","volume":"26","author":"Corsello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16899","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53475-w","article-title":"An evaluation of the results of the steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatments in subacute thyroiditis in relation to persistent hypothyroidism and recurrence","volume":"9","author":"Sencar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0212","article-title":"C-reactive protein and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels as risk factors for hypothyroidism in patients with subacute thyroiditis","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345675","article-title":"Extent of hypoechogenic area in the thyroid is related with thyroid dysfunction after subacute thyroiditis","volume":"32","author":"Nishihara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K07E-163","article-title":"Association of the ultrasonographic findings of subacute thyroiditis with thyroid pain and laboratory findings","volume":"55","author":"Omori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thscie.2025.100032","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis of Graves\u2019 disease, hypothyroidism, painless thyroiditis, chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), and subacute thyroiditis (acute phase)","volume":"2","author":"Tagami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thyroid Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0084","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy and adverse effects between methimazole 15\u2005mg + inorganic iodine 38\u2005mg\/day and methimazole 30\u2005mg\/day as initial therapy for Graves\u2019 disease patients with moderate to severe hyperthyroidism","volume":"25","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0229","article-title":"2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis","volume":"26","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0459","article-title":"Initial treatment with 15\u2005mg of prednisolone daily is sufficient for most patients with subacute thyroiditis in Japan","volume":"23","author":"Kubota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0655-5","article-title":"Painful Hashimoto's thyroiditis: myth or reality?","volume":"40","author":"Rotondi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1122-3","article-title":"Comparison of the therapeutic effects of prednisolone and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with subacute thyroiditis","volume":"55","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2022.64","article-title":"The use of low dose prednisolone in patients with subacute thyroiditis and its effect on impaired life and sleep quality","volume":"18","author":"Saydam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Buchar)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0998-8035","article-title":"Long-term outcome of subacute thyroiditis","volume":"128","author":"G\u00f6rges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1384365","article-title":"Comparison of treatment outcome between glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in subacute thyroiditis patients-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"10101","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30703-1","article-title":"Hypothyroidism","volume":"390","author":"Chaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14040909","article-title":"The impact of estrogens and their receptors on immunity and inflammation during infection","volume":"14","author":"Harding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2017.119","article-title":"Is there a drug effect on the development of permanent hypothyroidism in subacute thyroiditis?","volume":"13","author":"Saklamaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Buchar)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K11E-082","article-title":"Reference limits for serum thyrotropin in a Japanese population","volume":"58","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082322065876900_bvag187-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2325","article-title":"Extreme longevity is associated with increased serum thyrotropin","volume":"94","author":"Atzmon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Endocrine Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvag187\/70616180\/bvag187.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article-pdf\/10\/9\/bvag187\/70616180\/bvag187.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article-pdf\/10\/9\/bvag187\/70616180\/bvag187.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T02:07:07Z","timestamp":1787537227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jes\/article\/doi\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvag187\/8759386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvag187","relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-1972"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-1972","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"article-number":"bvag187"}}