{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T01:08:14Z","timestamp":1788743294529,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004463","name":"BUPA Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1DAAG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DAAG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004463","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019256","name":"National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1DAAN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DAAN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes","award":["1DAAP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DAAP"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001279","name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1DAAJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DAAJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pathophysiology of hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) remains incompletely understood with no effective treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined differences in appetite-regulating hormone concentrations between patients with HyOb, common obesity, and lean controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiway cross-sectional case-control study of patients aged 2 through 19 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two tertiary pediatric endocrinology centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cases were obese (body mass index [BMI] &amp;gt; +2 SD score [SDS], \u201cHyOb\u201d) and lean (\u201cHyLean\u201d) patients with congenital (septo-optic dysplasia) or acquired (suprasellar brain tumor) hypothalamic disorders. Controls had common obesity (\u201cOb\u201d) or nonhypothalamic disorders and normal BMI (\u201cLean\u201d).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relationships between the Dykens' Hyperphagia Questionnaire Score (DHQS), plasma or serum concentrations of leptin, insulin, \u03b1-melanocyte stimulating hormone (\u03b1MSH), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, oxytocin, acylated ghrelin, agouti-related peptide and copeptin, and BMI SDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dykens' Hyperphagia Questionnaire Score did not differ between HyOb and Ob patients (24 [17-34] vs 24 [18-31]) but correlated with BMI SDS in patients with hypothalamic disorders (P = 0.02). HyOb and Ob patients exhibited similarly increased anorexigens (insulin, leptin) and decreased orexigens (ghrelin, agouti-related peptide) compared to HyLean and Lean patients. The rate of BMI increase was independently associated with lower \u03b1MSH (\u03b2 = \u22120.23 [\u22120.36 to \u22120.11], P = .0007) and ghrelin (\u03b2=\u22120.004 [\u22120.01 to 0.00], P = .001) concentrations, suggesting that \u03b1MSH replacement may be a therapeutic target for HyOb. HyLean patients demonstrated intermediate insulin responses to glucose compared to other subcohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our cohort, patients with HyOb appeared indistinguishable from Ob in terms of their appetite and appetite-regulating neuroendocrine circuitry. Higher \u03b1MSH concentrations are associated with reduced weight gain and may be a target for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvag195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:32:39Z","timestamp":1787052759000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantification of appetite-regulating hormones in children with hypothalamic and common obesity"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6198-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoong-Wei","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Training Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London WC1N 1EH ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust , London WC1N 3JH 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