{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:47:16Z","timestamp":1780397236088,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid hormone (T3) plays a crucial role in processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, whereas its implication on cellular apoptosis has not been well documented. Here we examined the effect of T3 on the apoptosis of GH4C1 pituitary cells and the mechanisms underlying this effect. We show that T3 produced a significant increase in apoptosis in serum-depleted conditions. This effect was accompanied by a decrease in nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB)-dependent transcription, I\u03baB\u03b1 phosphorylation, translocation of p65\/NF-\u03baB to the nucleus, phosphorylation, and transactivation. Moreover, these effects were correlated with a T3-induced decrease in the expression of antiapoptotic gene products, such as members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein and Bcl-2 families. On the other hand, ERK but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase or MAPK p38, was activated upon exposure to T3, and inhibition of ERK alone abrogated T3-mediated apoptosis. In addition, T3 increased the expression of the MAPK phosphatase, dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), in an ERK-dependent manner. Interestingly, the suppression of DUSP1 expression abrogated T3-induced inhibition of NF-\u03baB-dependent transcription and p65\/NF-\u03baB translocation to the nucleus, as well as T3-mediated apoptosis. Overall, our results indicate that T3 induces apoptosis in rat pituitary tumor cells by down-regulating NF-\u03baB activity through a mechanism dependent on the ERK\/DUSP1 pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,27]],"date-time":"2008-10-27T18:27:47Z","timestamp":1225132067000},"page":"2466-2480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Thyroid Hormone-Mediated Activation of the ERK\/Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 Pathway Augments the Apoptosis of GH4C1 Cells by Down-Regulating Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Activity"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Chiloeches","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqui\u0301mica y Biologi\u0301a Molecular (A.C.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala\u0301, 28871 Alcala\u0301 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Sa\u0301nchez-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biome\u0301dicas \u201cAlberto Sols\u201d (Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Madrid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cienti\u0301ficas) (A.S.-P., B.G.-A., A.A., M.L.), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Gil-Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biome\u0301dicas \u201cAlberto Sols\u201d (Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Madrid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cienti\u0301ficas) (A.S.-P., B.G.-A., A.A., M.L.), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biome\u0301dicas \u201cAlberto Sols\u201d (Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Madrid Consejo Superior de 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