{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:13:35Z","timestamp":1790936015798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>TSH\u03b2 is a subunit of TSH that is uniquely expressed and regulated in the thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are known to mediate T3 suppression of TSH\u03b2 gene expression at the level of promoter activity. The role of other nuclear receptors in regulation of this gene is less clearly defined. Retinoid X receptors (RXR) are a family of nuclear transcription factors that function both as 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA) ligand-dependent receptors and heterodimeric partners with TR and other nuclear receptors. Recently, the RXR isoform, RXR\u03b3, has been identified in the anterior pituitary gland and found to be restricted to thyrotrope cells within the pitutiary. In this report, we have further characterized the distribution of RXR\u03b31, the thyrotrope-restricted isoform of RXR\u03b3, in murine tissues and different cell types. We have found that RXR\u03b31 mRNA and protein are expressed in the TtT-97 thyrotropic tumor, but not the thyrotrope-variant \u03b1TSH cells or somatotrope-derived GH3 cells. Furthermore, we have studied the effects of RXR\u03b31 on TSH\u03b2 promoter activity and hormone regulation in these pituitary-derived cell types. Both T3 and 9-cis-RA independently suppressed promoter activity in the TtT-97 thyrotropes. Interestingly, the combination of ligands suppressed promoter activity more than either alone, indicating that these hormones may act cooperatively to regulate TSH\u03b2 gene expression in thyrotropes. The RXR\u03b31 isoform was necessary for the 9-cis-RA-mediated suppression of TSH\u03b2 promoter activity in \u03b1TSH and GH3 cells, both of which lack this isoform. RXR\u03b2, a more widely distributed isoform, did not mediate these effects. Finally, we showed that the murine TSH\u03b2 promoter region between \u2212200 and \u2212149 mediated a majority of the 9-cis-RA suppression of promoter activity in thyrotropes. This region is distinct from the T3-mediated response region near the transcription start site. These data suggest that retinoids can mediate TSH\u03b2 gene regulation in thyrotropes and the thyrotrope-restricted isoform, RXR\u03b31, is required for this effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.4.9905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T17:29:38Z","timestamp":1389202178000},"page":"481-489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Thyrotrope-Restricted Isoform of the Retinoid-X Receptor-\u03b31 Mediates 9-cis-Retinoic Acid Suppression of Thyrotropin-\u03b2 Promoter Activity"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bryan R.","family":"Haugen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver, Colorado 80262"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver, Colorado 80262"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver, Colorado 80262"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Department of Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver, Colorado 80262"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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