{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T11:15:42Z","timestamp":1758280542107,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Iodine is necessary for proper brain development. The prevalence of iodine deficiency in Portuguese pregnant women led the health authorities, in 2013, to recommend iodine supplementation for women in preconception, throughout pregnancy, and during lactation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work aimed to assess the effect of iodine supplementation initiated in the preconception or the first trimester of pregnancy on the prevalence of iodine deficiency and maternal thyroid status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An observational prospective cohort study was conducted that followed the thyroid function and iodine status of women recruited during preconception or in the first trimester of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was significantly higher among women taking iodine supplements (no-supplement group UIC = 63\u2005\u00b5g\/L; supplement group UIC = 100\u2005\u00b5g\/L; P = .002) but still below the levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Only 15% of pregnant women had adequate iodine status and 17% showed a UIC of less than 50\u2005\u00b5g\/L. There was no influence whether iodine supplementation was started during preconception or during the first trimester of gestation (UIC preconception group: 112\u2005\u00b5g\/L vs UIC pregnancy group: 91\u2005\u00b5g\/L; P = .569). In the first trimester of pregnancy, total thyroxine levels were lower and free triiodothyronine levels were higher in nonsupplemented women. Thyroglobulin levels were lower in women who started iodine supplementation during preconception compared to nonsupplemented women and women who started iodine supplementation during gestation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the Minho region of Portugal, fertile women have insufficient iodine intake. Additional public health measures are needed since the current recommendations for iodine supplementation for pregnancy are unsatisfactory to achieve adequate iodine status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T22:44:50Z","timestamp":1706136290000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Iodineminho Study: Iodine Supplementation and Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency In Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.1210","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Lopes-Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"Hospital de Braga , 4710-243 Braga , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6512-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sarai Isabel","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tim I M","family":"Korevaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC , PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC , PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Quialheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP) and Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environment Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Vilarinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newborn Screening, Metabolism & Genetics Unit, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge , 4000-053 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Correia-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Galanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden"}]},{"given":"Adriano A","family":"Bordalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP) and Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environment Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8866-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Almeida","family":"Palha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga , Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center , 4710-243 Braga , Portugal"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Endotext","year":"2000","author":"Segni","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B1"},{"key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01275.x","article-title":"The effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy and infancy","volume":"26","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B3","volume-title":"Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: a Guide for Programme Managers","author":"WHO","year":"2007","edition":"3rd ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B4","first-page":"CD011761","article-title":"Iodine supplementation for women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period","volume":"3","author":"Harding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0651","article-title":"THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0249","article-title":"Iodine status of pregnant women and their progeny in the Minho Region of Portugal","volume":"19","author":"Costeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2009.0356","article-title":"Parameters of thyroid function throughout and after pregnancy in an iodine-deficient population","volume":"20","author":"Costeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.02.034","article-title":"Psychomotor development of children from an iodine-deficient region","volume":"159","author":"Costeira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0449","article-title":"Thyroid Study Group of the Portuguese Endocrine S. Iodine intake in Portuguese pregnant women: results of a countrywide study","volume":"163","author":"Limbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"author":"DGS","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B10"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03376-y","article-title":"Impact of iodine supplementation during preconception, pregnancy and lactation on maternal thyroid homeostasis and offspring psychomotor development: protocol of the IodineMinho prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Lopes-Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childb"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B12","first-page":"105","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for use among Portuguese pregnant women","volume":"6","author":"Pinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.11.008","article-title":"Intake and adipose tissue composition of fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction in a male Portuguese community sample","volume":"107","author":"Lopes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"27","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1067777","article-title":"Ultraschalldiagnostik der Schilddr\u00fcse","volume":"113","author":"Gutekunst","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0301","article-title":"The characteristics of iodine nutrition Status in China after 20 years of universal salt iodization: an epidemiology study covering 31 provinces","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030829","article-title":"Iodine nutrition in breast-fed infants is impaired by maternal smoking","volume":"89","author":"Laurberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01476194","article-title":"Micro determination of iodine by a catalytic method","volume":"1","author":"Sandell","year":"1937","journal-title":"Mikrochim Acta"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm1.1886.10.5.391","article-title":"Ueber den niederschlag, welchen pikrins\u00e4ure in normalem harn erzeugt und \u00fcber eine neue reaction des kreatinins","volume":"10","author":"Jaffe","year":"1886","journal-title":"bchm"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071393","article-title":"Iodine supplementation in pregnancy in an iodine-deficient region: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"14","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B20","first-page":"142","article-title":"Car\u00eancia de iodo nas gr\u00e1vidas da ilha de s\u00e3o miguel, a\u00e7ores: avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do impacto das medidas corretivas","volume":"15","author":"Sousa I","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Port Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98777-0","volume-title":"Thyroid Diseases in Pregnancy","author":"Azizi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005880","article-title":"Infant neurocognitive development is independent of the use of iodised salt or iodine supplements given during pregnancy","volume":"110","author":"Santiago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010172","article-title":"Women remain at risk of iodine deficiency during pregnancy: the importance of iodine supplementation before conception and throughout gestation","volume":"11","author":"Hynes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04007.x","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: an observational study","volume":"74","author":"Moleti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0352","article-title":"Iodine prophylaxis using iodized salt and risk of maternal thyroid failure in conditions of mild iodine deficiency","volume":"93","author":"Moleti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"Guidelines of the American thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum","volume":"27","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0807851","article-title":"Iodine content of prenatal multivitamins in the United States","volume":"360","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03131-x","article-title":"Exploration of thyroglobulin as a biomarker of iodine status in iodine-sufficient and mildly iodine-deficient pregnant women","volume":"62","author":"Dineva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"02","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118002835","article-title":"The effect of iodine deficiency during pregnancy on child development","volume":"78","author":"Bath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2803","article-title":"Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"97","author":"De Groot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000362597","article-title":"European thyroid association guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children","volume":"3","author":"Lazarus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03149-1","article-title":"Iodine intake assessment in the staff of a Porto region university (Portugal): the iMC Salt trial","volume":"62","author":"Machado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061324","article-title":"Iodine availability through iodized salt in Portugal: 2010-2021 sales evolution and distribution","volume":"15","author":"Machado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B34","first-page":"M531","article-title":"Selenium and iodine\u2014essential trace elements for the thyroid","volume":"66","author":"Lossow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ernahrungs Umschau"},{"issue":"9889","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60436-5","article-title":"Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)","volume":"382","author":"Bath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0011","article-title":"Iodine deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.110411","article-title":"Assessing infant cognitive development after prenatal iodine supplementation","volume":"104","author":"Bell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa071","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of iodine supplementation on thyroid function and child neurodevelopment in mildly-to-moderately iodine-deficient pregnant women","volume":"112","author":"Dineva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30332-7","article-title":"Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnant women on child neurodevelopment: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Gowachirapant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020614471066800_dgae041-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy054","article-title":"Preconception maternal iodine Status is positively associated with IQ but not with measures of executive function in childhood","volume":"148","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae041\/56590773\/dgae041.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae041\/56590773\/dgae041.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T14:47:44Z","timestamp":1707230864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae041\/7588420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-972X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7197"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"article-number":"dgae041"}}