{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:53:07Z","timestamp":1791309187797,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018775","name":"The Danish Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008252","name":"Health Sciences Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"J\u00f8rgen Schou Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003358","name":"Gedeon Richter","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ferring and Merck"},{"name":"BioInnovationInstitute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020930","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020930","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Augustinus Founden"},{"name":"Freya Biosciences ApS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004914","name":"Ferring Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004914","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020039","name":"Ole Kirks Found","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011958","name":"Independent Research Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women with diabetes experience substantial fluctuations in insulin sensitivity across the reproductive lifespan, yet clinical guidance on managing these glycemic challenges remains limited. This review synthesizes current evidence on the metabolic impact of key hormonal transitions, including puberty, the menstrual cycle, fertility treatment, pregnancy, and menopause, in women with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Puberty is marked by a physiological decline in insulin sensitivity compounded by behavioral and neurocognitive factors, contributing to dysglycemia and increased cardiometabolic risk. Cyclical variations in estradiol and progesterone influence insulin resistance across the menstrual cycle, but existing data predominantly concern T1DM, leaving major knowledge gaps for T2DM. As fertility treatment becomes more common, understanding the glycemic effects of ovarian stimulation is increasingly important, though current evidence remains sparse. Pregnancy represents a period of pronounced insulin resistance, but advances in diabetes technology, particularly continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery systems, have improved maternal glycemic control and neonatal outcomes and should be integrated into preconception and pregnancy care. In menopause, declining estrogen and relatively preserved androgen levels contribute to increased insulin resistance; menopausal hormone therapy may improve glycemia, though evidence in T1DM is limited. Across all life stages, the historical underrepresentation of women in metabolic research has hindered development of evidence-based strategies for managing hormonally driven glucose excursions. Future studies integrating continuous glucose monitoring with detailed hormonal profiling, particularly in women with T2DM and those undergoing fertility treatment or menopausal hormone therapy, are essential to optimize diabetes care throughout the female lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:16:33Z","timestamp":1789384593000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glucose excursions throughout the reproductive life stages in women with diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1210","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sine","family":"Knorr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N DK-8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus N DK-8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4553-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tine Storebjerg","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N DK-8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus N DK-8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirstine","family":"Kirkegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine\/Regional Hospital Horsens, University Clinic for Fertility , Horsens 8700 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrine Vauvert R","family":"Hviid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre , Hvidovre DK 2650 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N DK-2200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette Svarre","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre , Hvidovre DK 2650 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N DK-2200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2234-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulla","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N DK-8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus N DK-8200 ,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B1","first-page":"524","article-title":"Epidemiology of menarche and menstrual disturbances in an unselected group of women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus compared to controls","volume":"75","author":"Kjaer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2731-x","article-title":"Fertility in people with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Sj\u00f6berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1857","article-title":"Menopause in type 1 diabetic women: is it premature?","volume":"50","author":"Dorman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3_Suppl","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B4","first-page":"S3\u2013","article-title":"The gonadal function in female diabetics","volume":"15","author":"Bergqvist","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms024","article-title":"Female reproduction and type 1 diabetes: from mechanisms to clinical findings","volume":"18","author":"Codner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"10497","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00830-X","article-title":"Early-onset type 2 diabetes: the next major diabetes transition","volume":"405","author":"Luk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10545","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(26)00717-8","article-title":"Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: a multistep global consensus process","volume":"407","author":"Teede","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dc260586","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-0586","article-title":"Trends in pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus and associations with severe maternal morbidity in U.S. delivery hospitalizations, 2016-2022","author":"Fwu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198607243150402","article-title":"Impaired insulin action in puberty. A contributing factor to poor glycemic control in adolescents with diabetes","volume":"315","author":"Amiel","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02357.x","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Szadkowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0751-5","article-title":"Insulin resistance of puberty","volume":"16","author":"Kelsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2438","article-title":"Continuous rise of insulin resistance before and after the onset of puberty in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes - a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"29","author":"Raab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.02047.x","article-title":"Can we identify adolescents at high risk for nephropathy before the development of microalbuminuria?","volume":"24","author":"Dunger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.7.1011","article-title":"Evidence for a role for insulin and growth hormone in overnight regulation of 3-hydroxybutyrate in normal and diabetic adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Edge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2023.07.009","article-title":"Alterations in the menstrual cycle as a peculiar sign of type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analytic approach","volume":"48","author":"Greco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.4.1245","article-title":"Is puberty an accelerator of type 1 diabetes in IL6-174CC females?","volume":"54","author":"Gillespie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0150","article-title":"Delayed pubertal onset and development in German children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: cross-sectional analysis of recent data from the DPV diabetes documentation and quality management system","volume":"157","author":"Rohrer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0384","article-title":"State of type 1 diabetes management and outcomes from the T1D exchange in 2016-2018","volume":"21","author":"Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1625","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of metabolic control from childhood to young adulthood in type 1 diabetes from a large German\/Austrian Registry: a group-based modeling approach","volume":"40","author":"Schwandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080","article-title":"Imaging brain development: the adolescent brain","volume":"61","author":"Blakemore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13364","article-title":"Suboptimal glycemic control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes from 2011 to 2020 across Australia and New Zealand: data from the Australasian Diabetes Data Network registry","volume":"23","author":"James","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-0916","article-title":"Sustained 3-year improvement of glucose control with hybrid closed loop in children with type 1 diabetes while going through puberty","volume":"47","author":"Bismuth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1159\/000543169","article-title":"International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024: insulin and adjunctive treatments in children and adolescents with diabetes","volume":"97","author":"Cengiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2674","article-title":"Strong effect of pubertal status on metabolic health in obese children: a longitudinal study","volume":"100","author":"Reinehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1642","article-title":"Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline","volume":"96","author":"Copeland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0702","article-title":"Longitudinal study of insulin resistance and sex hormones over the menstrual cycle: the BioCycle study","volume":"95","author":"Yeung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13020374","article-title":"Menstrual cycle, glucose control and insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Gamarra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac443","article-title":"Ambulatory glucose profile according to different phases of the menstrual cycle in women living with type 1 diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Tatulashvili","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2023.0571","article-title":"Impact of an advanced hybrid closed-loop system on glycemic control throughout the menstrual cycle in women with type 1 diabetes prone to hypoglycemia","volume":"26","author":"Mesa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B30","author":"WHO"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00511-3","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Stener-Victorin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05746-x","article-title":"A genome-wide cross-trait analysis identifies shared loci and causal relationships of type 2 diabetes and glycaemic traits with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.03.203","article-title":"A meta-analysis of pregnancy-related outcomes and complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF","volume":"39","author":"Sha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa011","article-title":"Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in women achieving singleton pregnancy spontaneously or after ART: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Bosdou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B35","article-title":"Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility","volume":"11","author":"Cantineau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1055","article-title":"The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis","volume":"34","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.08.005","article-title":"Estrogen receptors and the metabolic network","volume":"14","author":"Barros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00118","article-title":"Estradiol binds to insulin and insulin receptor decreasing insulin binding in vitro","volume":"5","author":"Root-Bernstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaf100","article-title":"Association of insulin resistance with in vitro fertilization outcomes in women without polycystic ovarian syndrome: potential improvement with metformin treatment","volume":"40","author":"Albert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14050","article-title":"Effect of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance on endocrine, metabolic and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing ovulation induction","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01118","article-title":"Differences in first-trimester maternal metabolomic profiles in pregnancies conceived from fertility treatments","volume":"104","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14270","article-title":"Effects of in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapies on metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory status in IVF-conceived pregnancy","volume":"93","author":"Coussa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01975-z","article-title":"In vitro fertilization increases the odds of gestational diabetes: a nationwide register-based cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Vaajala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.03.011","article-title":"Influence of metabolic syndrome on female fertility and in vitro fertilization outcomes in PCOS women","volume":"221","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B45","article-title":"Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Tso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.04.055","article-title":"Visfatin and leptin levels in women with polycystic ovaries undergoing ovarian stimulation","volume":"94","author":"Plati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42481","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000042481","article-title":"A cohort study on the association between metabolic\/inflammatory status and pregnancy complications in PCOS patients after IVF\/ICSI treatment","volume":"104","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0048","article-title":"Metabolic culprits in obese pregnancies and gestational diabetes mellitus: big babies, big twists, big picture: the 2018 Norbert Freinkel Award Lecture","volume":"42","author":"Barbour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70662-9","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in glucose metabolism during pregnancy in obese women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"180","author":"Catalano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5320156","article-title":"Determinants of maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy: an updated overview","volume":"2019","author":"Kampmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"Suppl_2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-s202","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Barbour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12381","article-title":"Trying to understand gestational diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Catalano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0088","article-title":"Obesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome","volume":"140","author":"Catalano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00062-1","article-title":"Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and risk of early-onset type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Bardugo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0278","article-title":"Use of maternal GHb concentration to estimate the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with prepregnancy diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Guerin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.12.2819","article-title":"Outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies: a nationwide, population-based study","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0914","article-title":"Hba1c in early diabetic pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a Danish population-based cohort study of 573 pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B58","article-title":"Periconception glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes and risk of major birth defects: population-based cohort study in Sweden","volume":"362","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1974","article-title":"Maternal glycemic control in type 1 diabetes and the risk for preterm birth: a population-based cohort study","volume":"170","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0244","article-title":"Optimal glycemic control, pre-eclampsia, and gestational hypertension in women with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes and pre-eclampsia intervention trial","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B61","first-page":"20","article-title":"Extreme insulin resistance during pregnancy: a therapeutic challenge","volume":"2021","author":"Kampmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-5-877","article-title":"In vivo insulin action in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic pregnant women as assessed by the insulin clamp technique*","volume":"61","author":"Schmitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00094","article-title":"Parity increases insulin requirements in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"103","author":"Skajaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2304","article-title":"Hemoglobin A1c trajectories during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes: a Danish national population-based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Koefoed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12446","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy on insulin requirements differs between type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study of 222 pregnancies","volume":"56","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0060","article-title":"Adaptability of closed loop during labor, delivery, and postpartum: a secondary analysis of data from two randomized crossover trials in type 1 diabetes pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl_1","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S321","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-S015","article-title":"15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in diabetes-2026","volume":"49","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1571323","article-title":"Changes in postpartum insulin requirements for patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Roeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1629903","article-title":"Management of diabetes in the intrapartum and postpartum patient","volume":"35","author":"Dude","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi25-0012","article-title":"Glycemic patterns and breastfeeding with type 1 or type 2 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Greenberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4794-9","article-title":"Breastfeeding at night is rarely followed by hypoglycaemia in women with type 1 diabetes using carbohydrate counting and flexible insulin therapy","volume":"62","author":"Ringholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000425668.87506.4c","article-title":"ACOG committee opinion no. 548: weight gain during pregnancy","volume":"121","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2011.02.026","article-title":"The reproductive endocrinology of the menopausal transition","volume":"76","author":"Butler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.08.016","article-title":"Menopause-biology, consequences, supportive care, and therapeutic options","volume":"186","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00708-0","article-title":"The interplay between diabetes mellitus and menopause: clinical implications","volume":"18","author":"Lambrinoudaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez288","article-title":"Temporal trends in age at menarche and age at menopause: a population study of 312 656 women in Norway","volume":"35","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001758","article-title":"Women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) experience a shorter reproductive period compared with nondiabetic women: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study and the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)","volume":"28","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.08.009","article-title":"Menopause and diabetes: EMAS clinical guide","volume":"117","author":"Slopien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107832","article-title":"Association of age at diabetes complication diagnosis with age at natural menopause in women with type 1 diabetes: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study","volume":"35","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0602","article-title":"Early menopause and premature ovarian insufficiency are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1146","article-title":"Menopausal hormone therapy and type 2 diabetes prevention: evidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications","volume":"38","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-25-0486","article-title":"Current evidence and research gaps in menopause management in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Courtney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"3940","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4414\/SMW.2021.w30025","article-title":"Differences in insulin dosing in women with type 1 diabetes before and after the menopause","volume":"151","author":"Melmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0451","article-title":"Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on glucose regulation in women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Speksnijder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G49","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf206","article-title":"European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guideline for evaluation and management of menopause and the perimenopause","volume":"193","author":"Lumsden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012940","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiovascular effectiveness of newer glucose-lowering drugs added to metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Raparelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"10278","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00213-0","article-title":"Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B88","article-title":"Contemporary menopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease: Swedish nationwide register based emulated target trial","volume":"387","author":"Johansson","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00877-z","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, assessment and prevention","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.02.003","article-title":"Managing diabetes across female reproductive stages","volume":"36","author":"Mauricio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B91","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy for women with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2013","author":"Mackay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10110","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32400-5","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Feig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100613213272000_dgag379-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303911","article-title":"Automated insulin delivery in women with pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgag379\/71083229\/dgag379.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgag379\/71083229\/dgag379.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:21:48Z","timestamp":1791307308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgag379\/8795253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":93,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgag379","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"article-number":"dgag379"}}