{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:54:49Z","timestamp":1783619689369,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]],"date-time":"2000-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":951868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a serious global problem and includes strains of \u03b2-lactam-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Novel antimicrobials and\/or new approaches to combat the problem are urgently needed. The Chinese herb Xi-nan Huangqin (Scutellaria amoena CM. Wright) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a wide range of infectious diseases. In this study we have examined the antibacterial action of baicalin, a flavone isolated from the herb.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>When combined with 16 \u03bcg mL\u22121 baicalin, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of benzylpenicillin against MRSA and penicillin-resistant S. aureus were reduced from 125 and 250 \u03bcg mL\u22121 to 4 and 16 \u03bcg mL\u22121, respectively. This activity of baicalin was dose-dependent. Viable counts showed that the killing of MRSA and \u03b2-lactam-resistant S. aureus cells by 10 to 50 \u03bcgm mL\u22121 ampicillin, amoxycillin, benzylpenicillin, methicillin and cefotaxime was potentiated by 25 \u03bcg mL\u22121 baicalin.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>From the study it was concluded that baicalin has the potential to restore the effectiveness of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics against MRSA and other strains of \u03b2-lactam-resistant S. aureus. In view of its limited toxicity baicalin offers potential for the development of a valuable adjunct to \u03b2-lactam treatments against otherwise resistant strains of microorganisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357001773922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T22:04:05Z","timestamp":1033509845000},"page":"361-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Baicalin Synergy with \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics Against Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> and Other \u03b2-Lactam-resistant Strains of <i>S. aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Iain X","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Social Care, The Robert Gordon University , Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10 1FR,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G","family":"Durham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Social Care, The Robert Gordon University , Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10 1FR,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Michael E","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Social Care, The Robert Gordon University , Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10 1FR,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.38.208","article-title":"Biliary excretion of metabolites of baicalin and baicalein in rats","volume":"38","author":"Abe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"2024103110045013900_cit2","first-page":"12","volume":"10","author":"American National Standards Institute","year":"1991","journal-title":"Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically"},{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit3","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia I","author":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia Committee","year":"1985"},{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit4","volume-title":"Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database USAD-ARS-NGRL","author":"","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit5","first-page":"392","volume-title":"Phytochemical Dictionary, A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants","author":"Harborne","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90447-2","article-title":"Antiproliferative effect of baicalein, a flavonoid from a Chinese herb, on vascular smooth muscle cell","volume":"251","author":"Huang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"2024103110045013900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/31.suppl_A.9","article-title":"Activity of inhibitor combinations","volume":"31","author":"Livermore","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit8","first-page":"436","volume-title":"Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine","author":"Lorian","year":"1991","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90063-U","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a consensus review of the microbiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology with implications for prevention and management","volume":"94","author":"Mulligan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 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Dental Res."},{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit14","first-page":"1022","volume-title":"Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Herbs","author":"Wang","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024103110045013900_cit15","first-page":"362","volume-title":"Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations","author":"Williamson","year":"1988","edition":"Revised"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1211%2F0022357001773922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/52\/3\/361\/60262973\/0022357001773922.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/52\/3\/361\/60262973\/0022357001773922.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T10:39:39Z","timestamp":1730371179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article\/52\/3\/361\/6157508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1211\/0022357001773922","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3573","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]}}}