{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:08:17Z","timestamp":1791904097315,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the development of combination or multiple sub-unit vaccines, determination of the encapsulation, release and integrity of two or more proteins co-encapsulated within microspheres is an important issue. A new extraction method, which exhibits excellent protein recovery, has been developed which enables samples to be used for sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and subsequent measurement of individual antigens encapsulated within microspheres. Using the new method, the protein loading of poly-(L-lactide) microspheres co-encapsulating two plague sub-unit antigens was found to be 1.22% (w\/w) for recombinant V antigen (rV) and 1.24% (w\/w) for recombinant F1 (rF1) by SDS-PAGE. The total protein loading was 2.49% (w\/w) by bicinchoninic acid assay. The individual release of the two subunit antigens from the co-encapsulated microspheres was determined by SDS-PAGE analysis and rF1 was found to have a higher burst release than rV. The integrity and immunological activity of both rF1 and rV antigens was shown to be unaffected by the microencapsulation process.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This study shows that encapsulation of more than one antigen within poly-(L-lactide) microspheres is a viable method for the delivery of intact proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357991773456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T22:04:05Z","timestamp":1033509845000},"page":"991-997","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Studies on the Co-encapsulation, Release and Integrity of Two Subunit Antigens: rV and rF1 from <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Ian D","family":"Spiers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University , Birmingham B4 7ET,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H Oya","family":"Alpar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University , Birmingham B4 7ET,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim E","family":"Eyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University , Birmingham B4 7ET,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asuman","family":"Bozkir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara University , Ankara,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DERA (Chemical and Biological Defence Sector) , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 OJQ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E Diane","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DERA (Chemical and Biological Defence Sector) , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 OJQ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103110043574600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2180-2187.1996","article-title":"Fraction 1 capsular antigen (F1) purification from Yersinia pestis CO92 and from an Escherichia coli recombinant strain and efficacy against lethal plague challenge","volume":"64","author":"Andrews","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection Immunity"},{"key":"2024103110043574600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.68.2.131","article-title":"Studies on immunisation against plague. 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