{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T16:28:10Z","timestamp":1776961690032,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During a reflux event the oesophagus is exposed to a heterogeneous mixture of gastric juice components. The role of non-acid components of the refluxate in causing damage to the oesophagus is now well established but no therapeutic option exists to address this.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The role of Gaviscon Advance (GA), a raft-forming alginate suspension, in protecting the oesophagus from damage by pepsin and bile acids (aggressors) was investigated using a series of in-vitro models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GA was able to dose-dependently inhibit pepsin activity over and above the neutralisation effect of the formulation. This was evident against both protein and collagen substrates using two distinct colorimetric assays. GA was able to retard the diffusion of pepsin and multiple bile acids using a Franz cell model. Using the raft-forming mode of action GA was able to remove both pepsin and multiple bile acids from a simulated reflux event. There was capacity in the GA raft to accommodate aggressors from multiple reflux events.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GA can specifically remove both pepsin and bile acids from the refluxate, limit their diffusion and affect enzymatic activity of pepsin. There is a role for GA to reduce the damaging potential of the refluxate and thus protect the oesophagus.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.61.08.0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,14]],"date-time":"2010-10-14T12:48:22Z","timestamp":1287060502000},"page":"1021-1028","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The role of an alginate suspension on pepsin and bile acids \u2013 key aggressors in the gastric refluxate. Does this have implications for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Vicki","family":"Strugala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technostics Ltd , Hull,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanine","family":"Avis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technostics Ltd , Hull,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian G","family":"Jolliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare (UK) Ltd , Hull,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley M","family":"Johnstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare (UK) Ltd , Hull,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter W","family":"Dettmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technostics Ltd , Hull,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1185\/03007999909114086","article-title":"A comparison of the efficacy of the alginate preparation, Gaviscon Advance, with placebo in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease","volume":"15","author":"Chatfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01524.x","article-title":"The suppression of gastro-oesophageal reflux by alginates","volume":"61","author":"Dettmar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1368-5031.2006.00800.x","article-title":"Rapid onset of effect of sodium alginate on gastro-oesophageal reflux compared with ranitidine and omeprazole, and relationship between symptoms and reflux episodes","volume":"60","author":"Dettmar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.01.036","article-title":"Alginate rafts and their characterisation","volume":"294","author":"Hampson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.10.1093","article-title":"Composition of gastro-oesophageal refluxate","volume":"32","author":"Gotley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00633.x","article-title":"Mechansims underlying duodeno-gastric reflux in man","volume":"17","author":"Koek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurogastoenterol Motil"},{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00609248","article-title":"Effect of high dose omeprazole on gastric pepsin secretion and serum pepsinogen levels in man","volume":"35","author":"Ten Kate","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(69)80121-6","article-title":"Role of acid and pepsin in acute experimental esophagitis","volume":"56","author":"Goldberg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2024103109372403400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02430533","article-title":"Morphological alterations in experimental esophagitis. 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