{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:52:34Z","timestamp":1792601554644,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The amount of calcium available for absorption is dependent, in part, on its sustained solubility in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Many calcium salts, which are the calcium sources in supplements and food, have pH-dependent solubility and may have limited availability in the small intestine, the major site of absorption. The equilibrium solubility of four calcium salts (calcium oxalate hydrate, calcium citrate tetrahydrate, calcium phosphate, calcium glycerophosphate) were determined at controlled pH values (7.5, 6.0, 4.5 and \u2264 3.0) and in distilled water. The solubility of calcium carbonate was also measured at pH 7.5, 6.0 and 4.5 with two CO2 environments (0.3 and 152 mmHg) above the solution. The precipitation profile of CaCO3 was calculated using in-vivo data for bicarbonate and pH from literature and equilibrium calculations. As pH increased, the solubility of each calcium salt increased. However, in distilled water each salt produced a different pH, affecting its solubility value. Although calcium citrate does have a higher solubility than CaCO3 in water, there is little difference when the pH is controlled at pH 7.5. The partial pressure of CO2 also played a role in calcium carbonate solubility, depressing the solubility at pH 7.5. The calculations of soluble calcium resulted in profiles of available calcium, which agreed with previously published in-vivo data on absorbed calcium. The experimental data illustrate the impact of pH and CO2 on the solubility of many calcium salts in the presence of bicarbonate secretions in the intestine. Calculated profiles using in-vivo calcium and bicarbonate concentrations demonstrate that large calcium doses may not further increase intestinal calcium absorption once the calcium carbonate solubility product has been reached.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.59.11.0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,27]],"date-time":"2007-10-27T16:57:28Z","timestamp":1193504248000},"page":"1485-1492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Determination of calcium salt solubility with changes in pH and PCO2, simulating varying gastrointestinal environments"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Sandra L","family":"Goss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy , Box 2092, Storrs, CT 0626,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen A","family":"Lemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy , Box 2092, Storrs, CT 0626,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E","family":"Kerstetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy , Box 2092, Storrs, CT 0626,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin H","family":"Bogner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy , Box 2092, Storrs, CT 0626,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103109362312500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016212804288","article-title":"A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability","volume":"12","author":"Amidon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharm. 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