{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:15:24Z","timestamp":1791054924448,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["neurology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,2]]},"DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.46.2.315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,13]],"date-time":"2012-05-13T13:17:46Z","timestamp":1336915066000},"page":"315-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Optic neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1212","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA."},{"name":"Supported in part by a departmental grant (Ophthalmology) from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York, NY."},{"name":"Received March 13, 1995. Accepted for publication July 31, 1995."},{"name":"Address correspondence to Dr. Nancy J. Newman, Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory Eye Center, 1327 Clifton Rd, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30322."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. New York: Springer Verlag 1975.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65957-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"2","volume":"4","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hayreh SS. Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Differentiation of arteritic from non-arteritic type and its management. Eye 1990;4:25-41.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"6","volume":"38","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Neurol 1981;38:675-678.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","first-page":"4","volume":"12","year":"1989","unstructured":"Moro F, Doro D, Mantovani E. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and aging. Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol 1989;12:46-57.","journal-title":"Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"2","volume":"11","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mack HG, O'Day J, Currie JN. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1991;11:221-227.","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"5","volume":"115","year":"1993","unstructured":"Siatkowski RM, Gass JD, Glaser JS, Smith JL, Schatz NJ, Schiffman J. Fluorescein angiography in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:57-63.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"1","volume":"80","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rosenfeld SI, Kosmorsky GS, Klingele TG, Burde RM, Cohn EM. Treatment of temporal arteritis with ocular involvement. Am J Med 1986;80:143-145.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"6","volume":"99","year":"1992","unstructured":"Matzkin DC, Slamovits TL, Sachs R, Burde RM. Visual recovery in two patients after intravenous methylprednisolone treatment of central retinal artery occlusion secondary to giant-cell arteritis. Ophthalmology 1992;99:68-71.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"2","volume":"13","year":"1993","unstructured":"Postel EA, Pollock SC. Recovery of vision in a 47-year-old man with fulminant giant cell arteritis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1993;13:262-270.","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","first-page":"1","volume":"101","year":"1994","unstructured":"Liu GT, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ, Smith JL. Visual morbidity in giant cell arteritis: clinical characteristics and prognosis for vision. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1779-1785.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"9","volume":"120","year":"1994","unstructured":"Achkar AA, Lie JT, Hunder GG, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med 1994;120:987-992.","journal-title":"How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"7","volume":"118","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hayreh SS, Joos KM, Podhajsky PA, Long CR. Systemic diseases associated with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:766-780.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"The IONDT Study Group. The clinical profile of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Experience of the ischemic optic neuropathy decompression trial. Arch Opthalmol (in press)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490190019001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"9","volume":"58","year":"1974","unstructured":"Eagling EM, Sanders MD, Miller SJH. Ischaemic papillopathy clinical and fluorescein angiographic review of forty cases. Br J Ophthalmol 1974;58:990-1008.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"6","volume":"98","year":"1975","unstructured":"Boghen DR, Glaser JS. Ischemic optic neuropathy the clinical profile and history. Brain 1975;98:689-708.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"4","volume":"96","year":"1983","unstructured":"Repka MX, Savino PJ, Schatz NJ, Sergott RC. Clinical profile and long-term implications of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;96:478-483.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"8","volume":"53","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sawle GV, James CB, Ross Russell RW. The natural history of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:830-833.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9611-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"1","volume":"109","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rizzo JF, Lessell S. Optic neuritis and ischemic optic neuropathy. Overlapping clinical profiles. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:1668-1672.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","first-page":"6","volume":"14","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arnold AC, Hepler RS. Natural history of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 1994;14:66-69.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"1","volume":"94","year":"1987","unstructured":"Beri M, Klugman MR, Kohler JA, Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. VII. Incidence of bilaterality and various influencing factors. Ophthalmology 1987;94:1020-1028.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"1","volume":"103","year":"1985","unstructured":"Guyer DR, Miller NR, Auer CL, Fine SL. The risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1136-1142.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","first-page":"5","volume":"24","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fry CL, Carter JE, Kanter MC, Tegeler CH, Tuley MR. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is not associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis. Stroke 1993;24:539-542.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"2","volume":"86","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lieberman MF, Shahi A, Green WR Embolic ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;86:206-210.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","first-page":"2","volume":"9","year":"1989","unstructured":"Portnoy SL, Beer PM, Packer AJ, Van Dyk HJL. Embolic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1989;9:21-25.","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","first-page":"1","volume":"94","year":"1987","unstructured":"Beck RW, Servais GE, Hayreh SS. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. IX. Cup-to-disc ratio and its role in pathogenesis. Ophthalmology 1987;94:1503-1508.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"1","volume":"107","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sergott RC, Cohen MS, Bosley TM, Savino PJ. Optic nerve decompression may improve the progressive form of nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:1743-1754.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"6","volume":"109","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kelman SE, Elman MJ. Optic nerve sheath decompression for non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy improves multiple visual function parameters. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:667-671.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","first-page":"7","volume":"111","year":"1991","unstructured":"Spoor TC, Wilkinson MJ, Ramocki JM. Optic nerve sheath decompression for the treatment of progressive nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:724-728.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"3","volume":"100","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spoor TC, McHenry JG, Lau-Sickon L. Progressive and static nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy treated by optic nerve sheath decompression. Ophthalmology 1993;100:306-311.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"8","volume":"111","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jablons MM, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ, Siatkowski RM, Tse DT, Kronish JW. Optic nerve sheath fenestration for treatment of progressive ischemic optic neuropathy. Results in 26 patients. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:84-87.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"1","volume":"112","year":"1994","unstructured":"Glaser JS, Teimory M, Schatz NJ. Optic nerve sheath fenestration for progressive ischemic optic neuropathy. Results in second series consisting of 21 eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:1047-1050.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","first-page":"1","volume":"111","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kelman SE. The Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1616-1618.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","first-page":"6","volume":"273","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research Group. Optic nerve decompression surgery for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is not effective and may be harmful: results of the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial. JAMA 1995;273:625-632.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","first-page":"1","volume":"106","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beck RW. The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:1051-1053.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"1","volume":"109","year":"1991","unstructured":"Optic Neuritis Study Group. The clinical profile of optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:1673-1678.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090010004001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","first-page":"6","volume":"100","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck RW, Kupersmith MJ, Cleary PA, et al. Fellow eye abnormalities in acute unilateral optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Ophthalmology 1993;100:691-698.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","first-page":"5","volume":"326","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MM Jr, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. N Engl J Med 1992;326:581-588.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","first-page":"7","volume":"111","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA, Optic Neuritis Study Group. Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. One-year follow-up results. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:773-775.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","first-page":"1","volume":"42","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beck RW, Optic Neuritis Study Group. Corticosteroid treatment of optic neuritis: a need to change treatment practices Neurology 1992;42:1133-1135.","journal-title":"Corticosteroid treatment of optic neuritis: a need to change treatment practices Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"9","volume":"112","year":"1994","unstructured":"Keltner JL, Johnson CA, Spurr JO, et al. Visual field profile of optic neuritis: one-year follow-up in the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:946-953.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","first-page":"1","volume":"101","year":"1994","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA, Backlund JC, et al. The course of visual recovery after optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1771-1778.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"2","volume":"269","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chrousos GA, Kattah JC, Beck RW, et al. Side effects of glucocorticoid treatment. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. JAMA 1993;269:2110-2112.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","first-page":"8","volume":"50","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck RW, Arrington J, Murtagh R, et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging in acute optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Study Group. Arch Neurol 1993;50:841-846.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199307013290101"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","first-page":"1","volume":"113","year":"1995","unstructured":"Beck RW, Optic Neuritis Study Group. The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial: three-year follow-up results. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:136-137.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","unstructured":"Lessell S. Nutritional disorders. Ophthalmological aspects. Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol 1983;208-I:469-472."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","first-page":"7","volume":"27","year":"1944","unstructured":"Carroll FD. The etiology and treatment of tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. Parts I and II. Am J Ophthalmol 1944;27:713-725, 847-863.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","first-page":"3","volume":"17","year":"1973","unstructured":"Potts AM. Tobacco amblyopia. Surv Ophthalmol 1973;17:313-339.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","first-page":"9","volume":"53","year":"1962","unstructured":"Harrington DO. Amblyopia due to tobacco, alcohol and nutritional deficiency. Am J Ophthalmol 1962;53:967-972.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","first-page":"1","volume":"13","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sandramouli S, Verma L, Tewari HK, Khosla PK. Ocular ethambutol toxicity: is it reversible? J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1993;13:15-17.","journal-title":"Ocular ethambutol toxicity: is it reversible? J Clin Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"8","volume":"116","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rizzo JF III, Lessell S. Tobacco amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;116:84-87.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(81)90016-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","first-page":"2","volume":"2","year":"1958","unstructured":"Heaton JM, McCormick AJA, Freeman AG. Tobacco amblyopia. A clinical manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Lancet 1958;2:286-290.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","first-page":"3","volume":"66","year":"1946","unstructured":"Schepens CL. Is tobacco amblyopia a deficiency disease? Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1946;66:309-331.","journal-title":"Is tobacco amblyopia a deficiency disease? Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","first-page":"3","volume":"3","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wilson J. Cyanide in human disease: a review of clinical and laboratory evidence. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1983;3:397-399.","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","first-page":"8","volume":"90","year":"1970","unstructured":"Chisholm IA, Pettigrew AR. Biochemical observations in toxic optic neuropathy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1970;90:827-838.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","first-page":"5","volume":"47","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jestico JV, O'Brien MD, Teoh R, Toseland PA, Wong HC. Whole blood cyanide levels in patients with tobacco amblyopia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:573-578.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","first-page":"9","volume":"13","year":"1990","unstructured":"Costagliola C, Cotticelli L, Menzione M, Rinaldi M, Russo S, Rinaldi E. Red cell reduced glutathione and tobacco smokeinduced optic neuropathy. Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol 1990;13:96-98.","journal-title":"Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","first-page":"5","volume":"60","year":"1994","unstructured":"Piyathilake CJ, Macaluso M, Hine RJ, Richards EW, Krumdieck CL. Local and systemic effects of cigarette smoking on folate and vitamin B12. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:559-566.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","first-page":"L","volume":"266","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lannan S, Donaldson K Brown D, MacNee W. Effect of cigarette smoke and its condensates on alveolar epithelial injury in vitro. Am J Physiol 1994;266:L92-100.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","first-page":"3","volume":"686","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tsuchiya M, Suzuki YJ, Cross CE, Packer L. Superoxide generated by cigarette smoke damages the respiratory burst and induces physical changes in the membrane order and water organization of inflammatory cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;686:39-52.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","first-page":"8","volume":"90","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hind VMD. Degeneration in the peripheral visual pathway of vitamin B12-deficient monkeys. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1970;90:839-846.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","first-page":"3","volume":"14","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hamilton HE, Ellis PP, Sheets RF. Visual impairment due to optic neuropathy in pernicious anemia: report of a case and review of the literature. Blood 1959;14:378-385.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500370031003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","first-page":"6","volume":"74","year":"1965","unstructured":"Dreyfus PM. Blood transketolase levels in tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. Arch Ophthalmol 1965;74:617-620.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.37.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","first-page":"1","volume":"14","year":"1994","unstructured":"Golnik KC, Schaible ER. Folate-responsive optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 1994;14:163-169.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","first-page":"2","volume":"2","year":"1982","unstructured":"Knox DL, Chen MF, Guilarte TR, Dang CV, Burnette J. Nutritional amblyopia: folic acid, vitamin B12, and other vitamins. Retina 1982;2:288-293.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","first-page":"4","volume":"26","year":"1947","unstructured":"Denny-Brown DE. Neurological conditions resulting from prolonged and severe dietary restriction. Medicine 1947;26:41-113.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","first-page":"1","volume":"11","year":"1955","unstructured":"Fisher CM Residual neuropathological changes in Canadians held prisoners of war by the Japanese (Strachan's disease). Can Serv Med J 1955;11:157-199.","journal-title":"Can Serv Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King JH Jr Passmore JW. Nutritional amblyopia. A study of American prisoners of war in Korea. Am J Ophthalmol 1955; 39(suppl):173-186.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(55)90166-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","unstructured":"Spillane JD. Nutritional disorders of the nervous system. Edinburgh: E & S Livingsone 1947."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","first-page":"4","volume":"66","year":"1946","unstructured":"Ridley H. Ocular disturbances associated with malnutrition. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1946;66:45-71.","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","unstructured":"Cuban National Operative Group on Epidemic Neuropathy. Epidemic neuropathy in Cuba. Cuban Ministry of Public Health Havana Cuba July 30 1993."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","first-page":"1","volume":"14","year":"1993","unstructured":"Llanos G, Asher D, Brown P, et al. Epidemic neuropathy in Cuba. Epidemiol Bull 1993;14:1-4.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Bull"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lincoff NS Odel JG Hirano M. `Outbreak' of optic and peripheral neuropathy in Cuba? JAMA 1993;270:511-518.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.270.4.511"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","first-page":"1","volume":"43","year":"1994","unstructured":"CDC. Epidemic neuropathy--Cuba, 1991-1994. MMWR 1994;43:183-192.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","first-page":"1","volume":"127","year":"1994","unstructured":"Roman GC. An epidemic in Cuba of optic neuropathy, sensorineural deafness, peripheral sensory neuropathy and dorsolateral myeloneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 1994;127:11-28.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","first-page":"6","volume":"112","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sadun AA, Martone JF, Muci-Mendoza R, et al. Epidemic optic neuropathy in Cuba. Eye findings. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:691-699.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507063330101"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","first-page":"8","volume":"24","year":"1898","unstructured":"Madan D. Nota sobre una forma sensitiva de neuritis periferica, ambliopia por neuritis optica retrobulbar. Cron Med Quirurg Habana 1898;24:81-86.","journal-title":"Cron Med Quirurg Habana"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","first-page":"3","volume":"26","year":"1900","unstructured":"Santos Fernandez J. Ambliopia por neuritis periferica debida a autointoxicacion de origen intestinal por alimentacion defectuosa. Cron Med Quirurg Habana 1900;26:330-334.","journal-title":"Cron Med Quirurg Habana"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","first-page":"6","volume":"271","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hedges TR III, Sokol S, Tucker K. Optic and peripheral neuropathy in Cuba [letter]. JAMA 1994;271:662-663.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","first-page":"6","volume":"271","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hirano M. Odel JG, Lincoff NS. Optic and peripheral neuropathy in Cuba [letter]. JAMA 1994;271:663.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadun AA Martone JF Reyes L DuBois L Roman GC Caballero B. Optic and peripheral neuropathy in Cuba [letter] JAMA. 1994;271:663-664.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.271.9.663"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","first-page":"8","volume":"44","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hirano M, Cleary JM, Stewart AM, et al. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in an outbreak of optic neuropathy in Cuba. Neurology 1994;44:843-845.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72835-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","first-page":"1","volume":"111","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cullom ME, Heher KL, Miller NR, Savino PJ, Johns DR. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy masquerading as tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1482-1485.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","first-page":"1","volume":"14","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johns DR, Neufeld MJ, Hedges TR III. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in Cuban optic and peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 1994;14:135-140.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","first-page":"3","volume":"45","year":"1995","unstructured":"Newman NJ, Torroni A, Brown MD, et al. Cuban optic neuropathy [letter]. Neurology 1995;45:397.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","first-page":"3","volume":"5","year":"1995","unstructured":"Torroni A, Brown MD, Lott MT, et al. African, Native American, and European mitochondrial DNAs in Cubans from Pinar del Rio province and implications for the recent epidemic neuropathy in Cuba. Hum Mutat 1995;5:310-317.","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","first-page":"5","volume":"50","year":"1993","unstructured":"Newman NJ. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. New genetic considerations. Arch Neurol 1993;50:540-548.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00573524"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","first-page":"7","volume":"111","year":"1991","unstructured":"Newman NJ, Lott MT, Wallace DC. The clinical characteristics of pedigrees of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy with the 11778 mutation. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:750-762.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","first-page":"3","volume":"90","year":"1973","unstructured":"Smith JL, Hoyt WF, Susac JO. Ocular fundus in acute Leber optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1973;90:349-354.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikoskelainen E Hoyt WF Nummelin K. Ophthalmoscopic findings in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. II. The fundus findings in the affected family members. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101;1059-1068.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020061011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","first-page":"5","volume":"113","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ortiz RG, Newman NJ, Manoukian S, Diesenhouse MC, Lott MT, Wallace DC. Optic disk cupping and electrocardiographic abnormalities in an American pedigree with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;113:561-566.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","first-page":"6","volume":"1","year":"1985","unstructured":"Nikoskelainen E, Wanne O, Dahl M. Pre-excitation syndrome and Leber's hereditary optic neuroretinopathy. Lancet 1985;1:696.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","first-page":"1","volume":"339","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bower SPC, Hawley I, Mackey DA. Cardiac arrhythmia and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Lancet 1992;339:1427-1428.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91045-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","first-page":"5","volume":"47","year":"1971","unstructured":"De Weerdt CJ, Went LN. Neurological studies in families with Leber's optic atrophy. Acta Neurol Scand 1971;47:541-554.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","first-page":"7","volume":"71","year":"1989","unstructured":"Palan A, Stehouwer A, Went LN. Studies on Leber's optic neuropathy III. Doc Ophthalmol 1989;71:77-87.","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","first-page":"4","volume":"27","year":"1964","unstructured":"Lees F, MacDonald A-ME, Aldren Turner JW. Leber's disease with symptoms resembling disseminated sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1964;27:415-421.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","first-page":"9","volume":"115","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harding AE, Sweeney MG, Miller DM, et al. Occurrence of a multiple sclerosis-like illness in women who have a Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy mitochondrial DNA mutation. Brain 1992;115:979-989.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","first-page":"2","volume":"43","year":"1993","unstructured":"Flanigan KM, Johns DR. Association of the 11778 mitochondrial DNA mutation and demyelinating disease. Neurology 1993;43:2720-2722.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","first-page":"5","volume":"49","year":"1986","unstructured":"Marsden CD, Lang AE, Quinn NP. et al. Familial dystonia and visual failure with striatal CT lucencies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:500-509.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","first-page":"1","volume":"103","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bruyn GW, Vielvoye GJ, Went LN. Hereditary spastic dystonia: a new mitochondrial encephalopathy? Putaminal necrosis as a diagnostic sign. J Neurol Sci 1991;103:195-202.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","first-page":"1","volume":"55","year":"1992","unstructured":"Leuzzi V, Bertini E, De Negri AM, et al. Bilateral striatal necrosis, dystonia and optic atrophy in two siblings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:16-19.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/93.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","first-page":"1","volume":"2","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brown MD, Wallace DC. Spectrum of mitochondrial DNA mutations in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Clin Neurosci 1994;2:138-145.","journal-title":"Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","first-page":"8","volume":"196","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johns DR, Neufeld MJ. Cytochrome c oxidase mutations in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;196:810-815.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81373-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/130.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","first-page":"1","volume":"48","year":"1991","unstructured":"Huoponen K, Vilkki J, Aula P, Nikoskelainen EK, Savontaus ML. A new mtDNA mutation associated with Leber hereditary optic neuroretinopathy. Am J Hum Genet 1991;48:1147-1153.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)90475-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","first-page":"1","volume":"242","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wallace DC, Singh G, Lott MT, et al. Mitochondrial DNA mutation associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Science 1988;242:1427-1430.","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA mutation associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","first-page":"9","volume":"49","year":"1991","unstructured":"Howell N, Bindoff LA, McCullough DA, et al. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: identification of the same mitochondrial ND1 mutation in six pedigrees. Am J Hum Genet 1991;49:939-950.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","first-page":"2","volume":"6","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brown MD, Voljavec AS, Lott MT, MacDonald I, Wallace DC. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: a model for mitochondrial neurodegenerative diseases. FASEB J 1992;6:2791-2799.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81449-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","first-page":"4","volume":"8","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mackey DA. Three subgroups of patients from the United Kingdom with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Eye 1994;8:431-436.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","first-page":"4","volume":"111","year":"1993","unstructured":"Johns DR, Heher KL, Miller NR, Smith KH. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Clinical manifestations of the 14484 mutation. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:495-498.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","first-page":"1","volume":"55","year":"1994","unstructured":"Obermaier-Kusser B, Lorenz B, Schubring S, et al. Features of mtDNA mutation patterns in European pedigrees and sporadic cases with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Am J Hum Genet 1994;55:1063-1066.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","first-page":"2","volume":"31","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oostra RJ, Bolhuis PA, Wijburg FA, Zorn-Ende G, Bleeker-Wagemakers EM. Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Correlations between mitochondrial genotype and visual outcome J Med Genet 1994;31:280-286.","journal-title":"Correlations between mitochondrial genotype and visual outcome J Med Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","first-page":"3","volume":"118","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riordan-Eva P, Sanders MD, Govan GG, Sweeney MG, Da Costa J, Harding AE. The clinical features of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy defined by the presence of a pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutation. Brain 1995;118:319-337.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","first-page":"9","volume":"48","year":"1991","unstructured":"Howell N, Kubacka I, Xu M, McCullough DA. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: involvement of the mitochondrial ND1 gene and evidence for an intragenic suppressor mutation. Am J Hum Genet 1991;48:935-942.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","first-page":"6","volume":"91","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jun AS, Brown MD, Wallace DC. A mitochondrial DNA mutation at nucleotide pair 14459 of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 gene associated with maternally inherited Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and dystonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:6206-6210.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","first-page":"4","volume":"50","year":"1993","unstructured":"Weiner NC, Newman NJ, Lessell S, Johns DR, Lott MT, Wallace DC. Atypical Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy with molecular confirmation. Arch Neurol 1993;50:470-473.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","first-page":"2","volume":"87","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hoyt CS. Autosomal dominant optic atrophy: a spectrum of disability. Ophthalmology 1980;87:245-251.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_138_2","first-page":"1","volume":"97","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kline LB, Glaser JS. Dominant optic atrophy: the clinical profile. Arch Ophthalmol 1979;97:1680-1686.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/3.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_140_2","unstructured":"Newman NJ. Hereditary optic neuropathies. In: Newman SA Tusa RJ eds. Neuro-ophthalmological disorders. Diagnostic work-up and management. New York: Marcel Dekker 1995:143-151."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_141_2","first-page":"7","volume":"34","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lessell S, Rosman NP. Juvenile diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy Arch Neurol 1977;34:759-765.","journal-title":"Juvenile diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy Arch Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_142_2","first-page":"5","volume":"342","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bu X, Rotter JI. Wolfram syndrome: a mitochondrial-mediated disorder? Lancet 1993;342:598-600.","journal-title":"Wolfram syndrome: a mitochondrial-mediated disorder? Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01800336"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116156"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_145_2","first-page":"9","volume":"8","year":"1994","unstructured":"Polymeropoulos MH, Swift RG, Swift M. Linkage of the gene for Wolfram syndrome to markers on the short arm of chromosome 4. Nature Genetics 1994;8:95-97.","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"}],"container-title":["Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.neurology.org\/doi\/pdfdirect\/10.1212\/WNL.46.2.315","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,27]],"date-time":"2024-03-27T14:06:40Z","timestamp":1711548400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.neurology.org\/doi\/10.1212\/WNL.46.2.315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,2]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1212\/WNL.46.2.315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.46.2.315","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3878","1526-632X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3878","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-632X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,2]]}}}