{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T03:19:42Z","timestamp":1794712782275,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5S","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000177101.99398.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,12]],"date-time":"2005-10-12T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1129089697000},"page":"S30-S43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["The Role of Intrathecal Drugs in the Treatment of Acute Pain"],"prefix":"10.1213","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"James P.","family":"Rathmell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Lair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Nauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20210902","article-title":"The Works of Thomas Sydenham, MD, 3rd ed., Vol. 2.","author":"Sydenham","year":"1979"},{"key":"R2-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.8.1742","article-title":"Stereospecific and nonspecific interactions of the morphine congener levorphanol in subcellular fractions of mouse brain.","volume":"68","author":"Goldstein","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R3-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4077.1011","article-title":"Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue.","volume":"179","author":"Pert","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R4-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90296-1","article-title":"Opiate receptor binding in primate spinal cord: distribution and changes after dorsal root section.","volume":"112","author":"LaMotte","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R5-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1273597","article-title":"Analgesia mediated by a direct spinal action of narcotics.","volume":"192","author":"Yaksh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R6-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197902000-00013","article-title":"Pain relief by intrathecally applied morphine in man.","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R7-4-20210902","first-page":"516","article-title":"Continuous low-dose intrathecal morphine administration in the treatment of chronic pain of malignant origin.","volume":"56","author":"Onofrio","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"R8-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200003000-00018","article-title":"Comparative spinal distribution and clearance kinetics of intrathecally administered morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil.","volume":"92","author":"Ummenhofer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R9-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1053\/rapm.2001.25069","article-title":"The effect of distance from injection site to the brainstem using spinal sufentanil.","volume":"26","author":"Swenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R10-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1053\/rapm.2001.22255","article-title":"Lipid soluble opioids do move in cerebrospinal fluid.","volume":"26","author":"Eisenach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R11-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200003000-00005","article-title":"Location, location, location.","volume":"92","author":"Shafer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R12-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199904000-00023","article-title":"The neurotoxicity of drugs given intrathecally (spinal).","volume":"88","author":"Hodgson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R13-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2000.tb125570.x","article-title":"Potential for patient harm from intrathecal administration of preserved solutions.","volume":"173","author":"Hetherington","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"R14-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/53.8.817","article-title":"Postoperative spinal analgesia with morphine.","volume":"53","author":"Samii","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R15-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199307000-00010","article-title":"Dose-response pharmacology of intrathecal morphine in human volunteers.","volume":"79","author":"Bailey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R16-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000083374.44039.9E","article-title":"Intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia: a randomized, controlled, dose-ranging study after hip and knee arthroplasty.","volume":"97","author":"Rathmell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R17-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199912000-00045","article-title":"Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.","volume":"91","author":"Dahl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R18-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-199924030-00015","article-title":"Intratheal lipophilic opioids as adjuncts to surgical spinal anesthesia.","volume":"24","author":"Hamber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R19-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200203010-00015","article-title":"Reduction in postoperative pain after spinal fusion with instrumentation using intrathecal morphine.","volume":"27","author":"Urban","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"R20-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-6296(87)90036-6","article-title":"The role of intrathecal morphine in the anesthetic management of patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery.","volume":"1","author":"Casey","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Anesth"},{"key":"R21-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000066355.07482.0C","article-title":"A comparison of intrathecal opioid and intravenous analgesia for the incidence of cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal complications after abdominal aortic surgery.","volume":"97","author":"Fl\u00e9ron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R22-4-20210902","first-page":"23","article-title":"Intrathecal opioids versus epidural local anesthetics for labor analgesia: a meta-analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Bucklin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R23-4-20210902","first-page":"424","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy and side effects of subarachnoid sufentanil-bupivacaine administered to women in advanced labor.","volume":"21","author":"Viscomi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"R24-4-20210902","first-page":"A17","article-title":"Dose response study of spinal fentanyl in early labor.","volume":"SOAP","author":"DAngelo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R25-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200110000-00020","article-title":"Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural labor analgesia.","volume":"95","author":"Norris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R26-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200108000-00016","article-title":"A comparison of minidose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia and local anesthesia\/propofol infusion for outpatient knee arthroscopy.","volume":"93","author":"Ben-David","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R27-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199709000-00014","article-title":"Intrathecal fentanyl with small-dose dilute bupivacaine: better anesthesia without prolonging recovery","volume":"85","author":"Ben-David","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R28-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199911000-00042","article-title":"Meperidine and lidocaine block of recombinant voltage-dependent Na+ channels: evidence that meperidine is a local anesthetic.","volume":"91","author":"Wagner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R29-4-20210902","first-page":"313","article-title":"Intrathecal pethidine as sole anaesthetic agent for operative procedures of the lower limb, inguinal area and perineum.","volume":"50","author":"Ehikhametalor","year":"2001","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"R30-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199904000-00027","article-title":"The effects of three graded doses of meperidine for spinal anesthesia in African men.","volume":"88","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R31-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.3.379","article-title":"Addition of meperidine to bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section.","volume":"88","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R32-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200008000-00020","article-title":"Subarachnoid meperidine (Pethidine) causes significant nausea and vomiting during labor. The Duke Women's Anesthesia Research Group.","volume":"93","author":"Booth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R33-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03013223","article-title":"Adding low dose meperidine to spinal lidocaine prolongs postoperative analgesia.","volume":"46","author":"Murto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"R34-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04010.x","article-title":"Continuous intrathecal infusion of hydromorphone: safety in the sheep model and clinical implications.","volume":"5","author":"Johansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"R35-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(03)00144-1","article-title":"Long-term outcomes during treatment of chronic pain with intrathecal clonidine or clonidine\/opioid combinations.","volume":"26","author":"Ackerman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"R36-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3359(02)00011-X","article-title":"Postthoracotomy pain management.","volume":"12","author":"Savage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest Surg Clin N Am"},{"key":"R37-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199503000-00010","article-title":"Intravenous versus epidural administration of hydromorphone: effects on analgesia and recovery after radical retropubic prostatectomy.","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R38-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200106010-00024","article-title":"Postoperative pain control using epidural catheters after anterior spinal fusion for adolescent scoliosis.","volume":"26","author":"Lowry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"R39-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173030-00013","article-title":"Spinal narcotics for postoperative analgesia in total joint arthroplasty: a prospective study.","volume":"73","author":"Drakeford","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R40-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199707000-00017","article-title":"Assessment of the potency and intrinsic activity of systemic versus intrathecal opioids in rats.","volume":"87","author":"Abram","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R41-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01638-4","article-title":"The N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonistic and opioid components of d-methadone antinociception in the rat spinal cord.","volume":"296","author":"Chizh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R42-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000064592","article-title":"Intrathecal therapy for chronic pain.","volume":"77","author":"Miles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"R43-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200005000-00028","article-title":"Use of intrathecal hyperbaric methadone in postoperative analgesia of thoracic surgery.","volume":"25","author":"Fernandez-Liesa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R44-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(93)90011-G","article-title":"Antinoceception induced by alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists, with special emphasis on medetomidine studies.","volume":"40","author":"Pertovaara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R45-4-20210902","first-page":"1107","article-title":"An isobolographic analysis of the antinociceptive effect of systemically and intrathecally administered combinations of clonidine and opiates.","volume":"255","author":"Ossipov","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R46-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199309000-00016","article-title":"Intravenous or epidural clonidine for intra and post operative analgesia.","volume":"79","author":"De Kock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R47-4-20210902","first-page":"523","article-title":"Alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia: A clinical review of clonidine (1984\u20131995).","volume":"88","author":"Eisenach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R48-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199809000-00018","article-title":"Intrathecal, but not intravenous, clonidine reduces experimental thermal or capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia in normal volunteers.","volume":"87","author":"Eisenach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R49-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00209-W","article-title":"Epidural clonidine analgesia for intractable cancer pain. The Epidural Clonidine Study Group.","volume":"61","author":"Eisenach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R50-4-20210902","first-page":"357","article-title":"Spinal anesthesia: Mechanisms, agents, methods, and safety.","volume":"23","author":"Chiari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R51-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/76.6.872","article-title":"Spinal clonidine produces less urinary retention than spinal morphine.","volume":"76","author":"Gentili","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R52-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/63.1.93","article-title":"Prevention of tourniquet pain by spinal isobaric bupivacaine with clonidine.","volume":"63","author":"Bonnet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R53-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03544.x","article-title":"Effects of epinephrine and clonidine on plasma concentrations of spinal bupivacaine.","volume":"36","author":"Bioco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R54-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000055651.24073.59","article-title":"Intrathecal clonidine added to a bupivacaine-morphine spinal anesthetic improves postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty.","volume":"96","author":"Sites","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R55-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199603000-00034","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and acetylcholine concentrations during acute pain.","volume":"82","author":"Eisenach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R56-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199903000-00012","article-title":"Dose-response effects of spinal neostigmine added to bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in healthy volunteers.","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R57-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199710000-00024","article-title":"Phase I human safety assessment of intrathecal neostigmine containing methyl- and propylparabens.","volume":"85","author":"Eisenach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R58-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199810000-00016","article-title":"A multi-center study of intrathecal neostigmine for analgesia following vaginal hysterectomy.","volume":"89","author":"Lauretti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R59-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200302000-00031","article-title":"Antinociceptive effect of low-dose intrathecal neostigmine combined with intrathecal morphine following gynecologic surgery.","volume":"98","author":"Almeida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R60-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01605-1","article-title":"Adenosine receptor activation and nociception.","volume":"317","author":"Sawynok","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R61-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200201000-00010","article-title":"Phase I assessment of intrathecal injection of and American formulation of adenosine in humans.","volume":"96","author":"Eisenach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R62-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200201000-00011","article-title":"Preliminary efficacy assessment of intrathecal injection of an American formulation of adenosine in humans.","volume":"96","author":"Eisenach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R63-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.10.001","article-title":"Intrathecal but not intravenous opioids release adenosine from the spinal cord.","volume":"5","author":"Eisenach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"R64-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2003.00110.x","article-title":"A randomized double-blinded evaluation of adenosine as adjunct to sufentanil in spinal labour analgesia.","volume":"47","author":"Rane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R65-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199805000-00021","article-title":"The effect of varied doses of epinephrine on duration of lidocaine spinal anesthesia in the thoracic and lumbosacral dermatomes.","volume":"86","author":"Kito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R66-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199805000-00011","article-title":"The effect of epinephrine on small-dose hyperbaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia: clinical implications for ambulatory surgery.","volume":"86","author":"Moore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R67-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199305000-00010","article-title":"Intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia: effects of added epinephrine.","volume":"78","author":"Camann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R68-4-20210902","first-page":"374","article-title":"Epinephrine is not a useful addition to intrathecal fentanyl or fentanyl-bupivacaine for labor anesthesia.","volume":"27","author":"Goodman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R69-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200105000-00030","article-title":"Current issues in spinal anesthesia.","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R70-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200402000-00027","article-title":"Upregulation of spinal cyclooxygenase-2 in rats after surgical incision.","volume":"100","author":"Kroin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R71-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199911000-00022","article-title":"The role of the spinal opioid receptor like1 receptor, the NK-1 receptor, and cyclooxygenase-2 in maintaining postoperative pain in the rat.","volume":"89","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R72-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00465-7","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-1 in the spinal cord plays an important role in postoperative pain.","volume":"104","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R73-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00208-7","article-title":"Phase I safety assessment of intrathecal ketorolac.","volume":"99","author":"Eisenach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R74-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200301000-00040","article-title":"Intrathecal ketorolac enhances antinociception from clonidine.","volume":"96","author":"Conklin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R75-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000122638.41130.BF","article-title":"The use of intrathecal midazolam in humans: a case study in progress.","volume":"98","author":"Yaksh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Anlag"},{"key":"R76-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00240-1","article-title":"Neurotoxocity of midazolam in the rabbit.","volume":"80","author":"Erdine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R77-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000120086.35289.9D","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of continuous intrathecal midazolam infusion in the sheep model.","volume":"98","author":"Johansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R78-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000087075.14589.F5","article-title":"Intrathecal midazolam I: A cohort study investigating safety.","volume":"98","author":"Tucker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R79-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000112434.68702.E4","article-title":"Intrathecal midazolam II: Combination with intrathecal fentanyl for labor pain.","volume":"98","author":"Tucker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R80-4-20210902","first-page":"81","article-title":"Local-spinal therapy of spasticity.","author":"Borner","year":"1986"},{"key":"R81-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(02)00501-9","article-title":"Neuraxial opioid-induced pruritus: a review.","volume":"15","author":"Szarvas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"R82-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/82.3.439","article-title":"Management of opioid-induced pruritus: a role for 5-HT3 antagonists?","volume":"82","author":"Kyriakides","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R83-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2000.01618-2.x","article-title":"The effect of the addition of ropivacaine or bupivacaine upon pruritus induced by intrathecal fentanyl in labour.","volume":"55","author":"Shah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R84-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200007000-00032","article-title":"Prophylactic intravenous ondansetron reduces the incidence of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus in patients undergoing cesarean delivery.","volume":"91","author":"Yeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R85-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199712000-00020","article-title":"Intrathecal sufentanil, fentanyl, or placebo added to bupivacaine for cesarean section.","volume":"85","author":"Dahlgren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R86-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.58.683.531","article-title":"Spinal opiate analgesia and facial pruritus: a neural theory.","volume":"58","author":"Scott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R87-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200104000-00011","article-title":"Minimum local analgesic dose of intrathecal bupivacaine in labor and the effect of intrathecal fentanyl.","volume":"94","author":"Stocks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R88-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200205000-00007","article-title":"A comparison of intrathecal fentanyl and sufentanil for labor analgesia.","volume":"96","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R89-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199912000-00045","article-title":"Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: qualitative and quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"91","author":"Dahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R90-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6400.1199","article-title":"Mechanism of action of antipruritic drugs.","volume":"287","author":"Krause","year":"1983","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R91-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200106000-00002","article-title":"Pharmacological control of opioid-induced pruritus: a quantitative systematic review of randomized trials.","volume":"18","author":"Kjellberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R92-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(00)00256-6","article-title":"Understanding pruritus in systemic disease.","volume":"21","author":"Krajnik","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"R93-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199902000-00017","article-title":"Ondansetron is effective to treat spinal or epidural morphine-induced pruritus.","volume":"90","author":"Borgeat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R94-4-20210902","first-page":"479","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous nalbuphine infusion versus naloxone in the prevention of epidural morphine-related side effects.","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R95-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000066015.21364.7D","article-title":"Nalbuphine versus ondansetron for prevention of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus after cesarean delivery.","volume":"96","author":"Charuluxananan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R96-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/73.3.411","article-title":"Effects of sub-hypnotic doses of propofol on the side effects of intrathecal morphine.","volume":"73","author":"Torn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R97-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199204000-00004","article-title":"Subhypnotic doses of propofol relieve pruritus induced by epidural and intrathecal morphine.","volume":"76","author":"Borgeat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R98-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199802000-00018","article-title":"Subhypnotic doses of propofol do not relieve pruritus induced by intrathecal morphine after cesarean section.","volume":"86","author":"Beilin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R99-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1997.069-az0060.x","article-title":"The effect of subhypnotic doses of propofol on the incidence of pruritus after intrathecal morphine for cesarean section.","volume":"52","author":"Warwick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R100-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198307000-00004","article-title":"An experimental study of urodynamic effects of epidural morphine and of naloxone reversal.","volume":"62","author":"Rawal","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R101-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1054\/jpai.2002.123652","article-title":"Adverse events associated with postoperative opioid analgesia: a systematic review.","volume":"3","author":"Wheeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"R102-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.11.1175","article-title":"Urinary retention during IM and extradural morphine analgesia.","volume":"54","author":"Peterson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R103-4-20210902","first-page":"730","article-title":"Fentanyl prolongs lidocaine spinal anesthesia without prolonging recovery.","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R104-4-20210902","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Subarachnoid sufentanil for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy provides earlier discharge of the outpatient than intrathecal lidocaine.","volume":"84","author":"Lau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"R105-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(02)00425-7","article-title":"Nalbuphine reverses urinary effects of epidural morphine: a case report.","volume":"14","author":"Malinovsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"R106-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011037","article-title":"Side effects of intrathecal and epidural opioids.","volume":"42","author":"Chaney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"R107-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-199901000-00006","article-title":"Continuous sedation during spinal anaesthesia: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate vs. propofol.","volume":"16","author":"Kleinschmidt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R108-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-199823010-00015","article-title":"Intrathecal addition of morphine to bupivacaine is not the cause of postoperative nausea and vomiting.","volume":"23","author":"Weber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R109-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198867110-00011","article-title":"A dose-response study of intrathecal morphine: efficacy, duration, optimal dose, and side effects.","volume":"67","author":"Jacobson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R110-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198904000-00023","article-title":"Minimal effective dose of intrathecal morphine for pain relief following transabdominal hysterectomy.","volume":"68","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R111-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200302000-00036","article-title":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting in regional anesthesia: a review.","volume":"98","author":"Borgeat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R112-4-20210902","first-page":"639","article-title":"Combined spinal epidural for labour analgesia: Duration, efficacy and side effects of adding sufentanil or fentanyl to bupivacaine intrathecally vs plain bupivacaine.","volume":"40","author":"Lo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"R113-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199211000-00014","article-title":"Comparison among intrathecal fentanyl, meperidine, and sufentanil for labor analgesia.","volume":"75","author":"Honet","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R114-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200103000-00036","article-title":"Dexamethasone for prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with epidural morphine: a dose-ranging study.","volume":"92","author":"Ho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R115-4-20210902","first-page":"599","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of intrathecal opioid analgesia for acute postoperative pain: seven years experience with 5969 surgical patients at Indiana University Hospital.","volume":"88","author":"Gwirtz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R116-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011441","article-title":"Respiratory depression and spinal opioids.","volume":"36","author":"Etches","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"R117-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018710","article-title":"Definitions of \u201crespiratory depression\u201d with intrathecal morphine postoperative analgesia: a review of the literature.","volume":"50","author":"Ko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"R118-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200102000-00011","article-title":"Subarachnoid sufentanil for early postoperative pain management in orthopedic patients: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study using spinal microcatheters.","volume":"94","author":"Standl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R119-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.5.479","article-title":"Adverse effects of extradural and intrathecal opiates: report of a nation-wide survey in Sweden.","volume":"54","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R120-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1985.tb02176.x","article-title":"Epidural morphine for postoperative pain: experience with 1085 patients.","volume":"29","author":"Stenseth","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthsiol Scand"},{"key":"R121-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03006481","article-title":"Epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section: a report of 4880 patients.","volume":"37","author":"Fuller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"R122-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1996.tb05574.x","article-title":"Epidural and intrathecal opioids for postoperative pain management in Europe: a 17-nation questionnaire study of selected hospitals.","volume":"40","author":"Rawal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R123-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/63.2.165","article-title":"The rational use of intrathecal and extradural opioids.","volume":"63","author":"Morgan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R124-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199109000-00012","article-title":"Postoperative epidural morphine is safe on surgical wards.","volume":"75","author":"Ready","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R125-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03009742","article-title":"Postoperative pain management and acute pain service activity in Canada.","volume":"40","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"R126-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010263431705","article-title":"Effects of intrathecal morphine on the ventilatory response to hypoxia.","volume":"343","author":"Bailey","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R127-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2346.2000.00738.x","article-title":"Acute pain management; analysis, implications and consequences after prospective experience with 6349 surgical patients.","volume":"17","author":"Brodner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesth"},{"key":"R128-4-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1053\/rapm.2002.29110","article-title":"Acute pain services revisited: good from far, far from good.","volume":"27","author":"Rawal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"}],"container-title":["Anesthesia & Analgesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1213\/01.ANE.0000177101.99398.22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:05:38Z","timestamp":1786111538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00000539-200511001-00004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5S","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/01.ane.0000177101.99398.22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}}}