{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:23:01Z","timestamp":1786123381672,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3182273c34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T04:24:06Z","timestamp":1311654246000},"page":"1033-1042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation and Insights of Anesthetic Action in an Early Vertebrate Network"],"prefix":"10.1213","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Jinks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Andrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198010000-00008","article-title":"Determination and applications of MAC.","volume":"53","author":"Quasha","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R2-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00345-1","article-title":"Reversible analgesia, atonia, and loss of consciousness on bilateral intracerebral microinjection of pentobarbital.","volume":"94","author":"Devor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R3-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c81319","article-title":"Brainstem regions affecting minimum alveolar concentration and movement pattern during isoflurane anesthesia.","volume":"112","author":"Jinks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R5-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200503000-00022","article-title":"Drastic decrease in isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration and limb movement forces following thoracic spinal cooling and chronic spinal transection in rats.","volume":"102","author":"Jinks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R6-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199312000-00015","article-title":"Exaggerated anesthetic requirements in the preferentially anesthetized brain.","volume":"79","author":"Antognini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R7-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181730297","article-title":"Volatile anesthetic effects on midbrain-elicited locomotion suggest that the locomotor network in the ventral spinal cord is the primary site for immobility.","volume":"108","author":"Jinks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R8-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000280483.17854.56","article-title":"Neurons in the ventral spinal cord are more depressed by isoflurane, halothane, and propofol than are neurons in the dorsal spinal cord.","volume":"105","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R9-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04234.x","article-title":"Nociceptive spinal withdrawal reflexes but not spinal dorsal horn wide-dynamic range neuron activities are specifically inhibited by halothane anaesthesia in spinalized rats.","volume":"22","author":"You","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"R10-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5777","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-18-05777.1996","article-title":"Distribution of networks generating and coordinating locomotor activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro: a lesion study.","volume":"16","author":"Kjaerulff","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R11-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1982.47.5.948","article-title":"Activities of identified interneurons, motoneurons, and muscle fibers during fictive swimming in the lamprey and effects of reticulospinal and dorsal cell stimulation.","volume":"47","author":"Buchanan","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R12-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199910000-00027","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative effects of isoflurane on movement occurring after noxious stimulation.","volume":"91","author":"Antognini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R13-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858403009003014","article-title":"The pharmacology of vertebrate spinal central pattern generators.","volume":"9","author":"Alford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"R14-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1979.59.4.1007","article-title":"Neurobiology of lampreys.","volume":"59","author":"Rovainen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"R15-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2003","article-title":"Intersegmental coordination of rhythmic motor patterns.","volume":"90","author":"Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R16-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015063","article-title":"Fictive locomotion in the lamprey spinal cord in vitro compared with swimming in the intact and spinal animal.","volume":"347","author":"Wallen","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"R17-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1159\/000113207","article-title":"Lamprey spinal interneurons and their roles in swimming activity.","volume":"48","author":"Buchanan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"key":"R18-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.11.001","article-title":"Neuronal control of swimming behavior: comparison of vertebrate and invertebrate model systems.","volume":"93","author":"Mullins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R19-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200509000-00020","article-title":"Isoflurane disrupts central pattern generator activity and coordination in the lamprey isolated spinal cord.","volume":"103","author":"Jinks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R21-17-20210902","first-page":"634","article-title":"Convulsant activity of nonanesthetic gas combinations.","volume":"84","author":"Fang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R22-17-20210902","first-page":"706","article-title":"GABA(A) receptor blockade antagonizes the immobilizing action of propofol but not ketamine or isoflurane in a dose-related manner.","volume":"96","author":"Sonner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R23-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.1.465","article-title":"Extent and role of multisegmental coupling in the lamprey spinal locomotor pattern generator.","volume":"83","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R24-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199603000-00027","article-title":"Temperature dependence of the potency of volatile general anesthetics: implications for in vitro experiments.","volume":"84","author":"Franks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R25-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200109000-00028","article-title":"Minimum alveolar concentration of volatile anesthetics in rats during postnatal maturation.","volume":"95","author":"Orliaguet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R26-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.957","article-title":"Validation of several types of noxious stimuli for use in determining the minimum alveolar concentration for inhalation anesthetics in dogs and rabbits.","volume":"64","author":"Valverde","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"R27-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3109\/00498259209046648","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of propofol in laboratory animals.","volume":"22","author":"Cockshott","year":"1992","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"R28-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh272","article-title":"Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of propofol in rat brain tissue: implications for studies of drug action in vitro.","volume":"93","author":"Gredell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R29-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050371","article-title":"General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels.","volume":"55","author":"Krasowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"R30-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200411000-00017","article-title":"Propofol and sevoflurane depress spinal neurons in vitro via different molecular targets.","volume":"101","author":"Grasshoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R31-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh217","article-title":"Effects of propofol and sevoflurane on the excitability of rat spinal motoneurones and nociceptive reflexes in vitro.","volume":"93","author":"Matute","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R32-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020248","article-title":"Sulphorhodamine-labelled cells in the neonatal rat spinal cord following chemically induced locomotor activity in vitro.","volume":"478","author":"Kjaerulff","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"R33-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00578.2004","article-title":"Localization of spinal neurons activated during locomotion using the c-fos immunohistochemical method.","volume":"93","author":"Dai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R34-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199807000-00041","article-title":"Desflurane and the nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane suppress learning by a mechanism independent of the level of unconditioned stimulation.","volume":"87","author":"Sonner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R35-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.4.1810","article-title":"Coupling of spinal locomotor networks in larval lamprey revealed by receptor blockers for inhibitory amino acids: neurophysiology and computer modeling.","volume":"72","author":"Hagevik","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R36-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00233.2004","article-title":"The spinal GABAergic system is a strong modulator of burst frequency in the lamprey locomotor network.","volume":"92","author":"Schmitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R37-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00223.2004","article-title":"Major role for tonic GABAA conductances in anesthetic suppression of intrinsic neuronal excitability.","volume":"92","author":"Bieda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R38-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.08.069","article-title":"Transmitter phenotypes of commissural interneurons in the lamprey spinal cord.","volume":"164","author":"Mahmood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R39-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91134-3","article-title":"Three types of GABA-immunoreactive cells in the lamprey spinal cord.","volume":"508","author":"Brodin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R40-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)13234-3","article-title":"Positive modulation of human gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptors by the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane.","volume":"44","author":"Harrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R41-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-08-02792.1989","article-title":"Endogenous activation of glycine and NMDA receptors in lamprey spinal cord during fictive locomotion.","volume":"9","author":"Alford","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R42-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)91464-1","article-title":"Strychnine eliminates alternating motor output during fictive locomotion in the lamprey.","volume":"293","author":"Cohen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R43-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200101000-00024","article-title":"Neither GABA(A) nor strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors are the sole mediators of MAC for isoflurane.","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R44-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200301000-00021","article-title":"Glycine receptors mediate part of the immobility produced by inhaled anesthetics.","volume":"96","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R45-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704760","article-title":"Pre- and postsynaptic volatile anaesthetic actions on glycinergic transmission to spinal cord motor neurons.","volume":"136","author":"Cheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R46-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019086","article-title":"Enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated Cl currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurones by three volatile anaesthetics.","volume":"449","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"R47-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0611fje","article-title":"General anesthetic actions in vivo strongly attenuated by a point mutation in the GABA(A) receptor beta3 subunit.","volume":"17","author":"Jurd","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"R48-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00371-6","article-title":"Non-volatile general anaesthetics reduce spinal activity by suppressing plateau potentials.","volume":"88","author":"Guertin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R49-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.091801","article-title":"Impairment of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel function by the intravenous general anesthetic propofol.","volume":"315","author":"Cacheaux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"R50-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199702000-00018","article-title":"Effects of propofol on sodium channel-dependent sodium influx and glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes.","volume":"86","author":"Ratnakumari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R51-17-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16660.x","article-title":"Inhibition by propofol (2,6 di-isopropylphenol) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor in cultured hippocampal neurones.","volume":"116","author":"Orser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Anesthesia & Analgesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182273c34","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:34:45Z","timestamp":1786113285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00000539-201111000-00017"}},"subtitle":["The Isolated Lamprey Spinal Cord"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ane.0b013e3182273c34","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}}}