{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T10:55:13Z","timestamp":1792839313689,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3182a7f73c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T04:54:19Z","timestamp":1387515259000},"page":"153-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Nitrous Oxide for the Management of Labor Pain"],"prefix":"10.1213","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Frances E.","family":"Likis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashonda M.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Seroogy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel R.","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa L.","family":"McPheeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(02)70186-5","article-title":"Nitrous oxide for relief of labor pain: a systematic review.","volume":"186","author":"Rosen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R2-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-2011.2011.00122.x","article-title":"Safety and risks of nitrous oxide labor analgesia: a review.","volume":"56","author":"Rooks","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"R6-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.12.958","article-title":"Occupational exposure of midwives to nitrous oxide on delivery suites.","volume":"60","author":"Henderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R7-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00015","article-title":"The association of shift work and nitrous oxide exposure in pregnancy with birth weight and gestational age.","volume":"10","author":"Bodin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R8-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.4.783","article-title":"Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure and subfertility among Swedish midwives.","volume":"25","author":"Ahlborg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R9-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.6.374","article-title":"Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure, and spontaneous abortion among Swedish midwives.","volume":"53","author":"Axelsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R10-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-007-0271-3","article-title":"Exposure to nitrous oxide in delivery suites at six Swedish hospitals.","volume":"81","author":"Westberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"R11-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-289X(99)80145-9","article-title":"The occupational exposure of midwives to nitrous oxide - a comparison between two labour suites.","volume":"8","author":"Newton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"R12-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-289X(96)80024-0","article-title":"Nitrous oxide exposure on the labour ward.","volume":"5","author":"Mills","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"R13-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02680.x","article-title":"Socio-economic versus obstetric risk factors for drug addiction in offspring.","volume":"87","author":"Nyberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"R14-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6760.1067","article-title":"Opiate addiction in adult offspring through possible imprinting after obstetric treatment.","volume":"301","author":"Jacobson","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R15-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349809004288","article-title":"Obstetric pain medication and eventual adult amphetamine addiction in offspring.","volume":"67","author":"Jacobson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R16-18-20210902","first-page":"3696","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal risk factors for childhood leukemia.","volume":"51","author":"Zack","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"R17-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04053.x","article-title":"Desflurane analgesia for vaginal delivery.","volume":"39","author":"Abboud","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R18-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1990.tb00017.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulator for pain relief in labour.","volume":"16","author":"Chia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R19-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198903000-00038","article-title":"Isoflurane in obstetrics.","volume":"68","author":"Abboud","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R20-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198103000-00002","article-title":"Enflurane analgesia in obstetrics.","volume":"60","author":"Abboud","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R21-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5665.259","article-title":"Methoxyflurane and nitrous oxide as obstetric analgesics. II. A comparison by self-administered intermittent inhalation.","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R22-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5665.255","article-title":"Methoxyflurane and nitrous oxide as obstetric analgesics. I. A comparison by continuous administration.","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R23-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael327","article-title":"Analgesia with sevoflurane during labour: ii. Sevoflurane compared with Entonox for labour analgesia.","volume":"98","author":"Yeo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R24-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199401000-00008","article-title":"Nitrous oxide in early labor. Safety and analgesic efficacy assessed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"80","author":"Carstoniu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R25-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1985.tb10841.x","article-title":"Self-administered isoflurane in labour. A comparative study with Entonox.","volume":"40","author":"McLeod","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R26-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1984.tb09448.x","article-title":"Enflurane as an analgesic in labour.","volume":"39","author":"McGuinness","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R27-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347109157325","article-title":"Comparison between nitrous oxide and methoxyflurane for obstetrical analgesia.","volume":"50","author":"Bergsjo","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R28-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829609025686","article-title":"The complexity of labor pain: experiences of 278 women.","volume":"17","author":"Waldenstrom","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R29-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1995.tb05593.x","article-title":"Maternal expectations and experiences of labour pain-options of 1091 Finnish parturients.","volume":"39","author":"Ranta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R30-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6343.689","article-title":"Effectiveness of pain relief in labour: survey of 1000 mothers.","volume":"285","author":"Morgan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"R31-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1974.tb00525.x","article-title":"An assessment of the analgesic effect in labour of pethidine and 50 per cent nitrous oxide in oxygen (Entonox).","volume":"81","author":"Holdcroft","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw"},{"key":"R32-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5665.263","article-title":"Field trial of methoxyflurane, nitrous oxide, and trichloroethylene as obstetric analgesics.","volume":"3","author":"Rosen","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R33-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-196804000-00011","article-title":"Inhalational analgesia with methoxyflurane for vaginal delivery.","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"1968","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"R34-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-289X(94)90067-1","article-title":"Parturients assessment of water blocks, pethidine, nitrous oxide, paracervical and epidural blocks in labour.","volume":"3","author":"Ranta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"R35-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348709092945","article-title":"A comparative study of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), entonox, pethidine promazine and lumbar epidural for pain relief in labor.","volume":"66","author":"Harrison","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"R36-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-196807000-00004","article-title":"An evaluation of methoxyflurane analgesia and anesthesia for obstetrics.","volume":"61","author":"Clark","year":"1968","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"R37-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820500433432","article-title":"Obstetric pain relief and its association with remembrance of labor pain at two months and one year after birth.","volume":"27","author":"Waldenstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R38-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2000.tb01321.x","article-title":"Epidural analgesia in primigravidae in spontaneous labour at term: a prospective study.","volume":"26","author":"Leong","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"R39-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2004.00231.x","article-title":"Intrapartum pain management at the Royal Hospital for Women.","volume":"44","author":"Henry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R40-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00043-4","article-title":"Experience of labor and birth in 1111 women.","volume":"47","author":"Waldenstrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"R42-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2009.1217.1221","article-title":"Entonox for labor pain: a randomized placebo controlled trial.","volume":"12","author":"Talebi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R43-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07790.x","article-title":"Gas kinetics during nitrous oxide analgesia for labour.","volume":"51","author":"Einarsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R44-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-289X(92)80006-E","article-title":"Self-administered mixture of Entonox and isoflurane in labour.","volume":"1","author":"Arora","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"R45-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/01443618909151087","article-title":"The use of entonox in conjunction with a rebreathing humidifier.","volume":"10","author":"Constantine","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R46-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5792.81","article-title":"Kidney function after methoxyflurane analgesia during labour.","volume":"1","author":"Rosen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R47-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5774.558","article-title":"Comparative effect of pethidine, trichloroethylene, and Entonox on fetal and neonatal acid-base and PO2.","volume":"3","author":"Phillips","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R48-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03447.x","article-title":"Effects of nitrous oxideoxygen inhalation on the maternal circulation during vaginal delivery.","volume":"36","author":"Westling","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R49-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1963.tb13573.x","article-title":"Self-administered nitrous-oxideoxygen analgesia in obstetrics.","volume":"18","author":"McAneny","year":"1963","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R50-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1979.tb04926.x","article-title":"Self-administered intermittent nitrous oxide analgesia for labour. Enhancement of effect with continuous nasal inhalation of 50 per cent nitrous oxide (Entonox).","volume":"34","author":"Arthurs","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R51-18-20210902","first-page":"56","article-title":"Maternal diamorphine administration during labour: the effect on neonate admissions to NNU.","volume":"8","author":"Stirk","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"R52-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03309.x","article-title":"The effects of Entonox and epidural analgesia on arterial oxygen saturation of women in labour.","volume":"49","author":"Arfeen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R53-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/69.1.81","article-title":"Influence of vitamin B12 status on the inactivation of methionine synthase by nitrous oxide.","volume":"69","author":"Landon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R54-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X8901700404","article-title":"A controlled oximetric evaluation of inhalational, opioid and epidural analgesia in labour.","volume":"17","author":"Zelcer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"R55-18-20210902","first-page":"21","article-title":"Maternal arterial oxygen saturation during labor and delivery: pain-dependent alterations and effects on the newborn.","volume":"70","author":"Deckardt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R56-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02939944","article-title":"A comparative study of the behaviour of the neonate following various forms of maternal intrapartum analgesia and anaesthesia.","volume":"155","author":"Harrison","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"R57-18-20210902","first-page":"95","article-title":"Self-administered Entonox (50 nitrous oxide in oxygen) in labour: report of the experience in Ibadan.","volume":"14","author":"Soyannwo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"R58-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.17.81","article-title":"Transmission of the anesthetic agents through the placenta in painless delivery and their effects on newborn infants.","volume":"17","author":"Beppu","year":"1968","journal-title":"Keio J Med"},{"key":"R59-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1984.tb06518.x","article-title":"Obstetric analgesia, anaesthesia and the Apgar score.","volume":"39","author":"Murphy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R60-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1999.01130.x","article-title":"The use of 0.25 isoflurane premixed in 50 nitrous oxide and oxygen for pain relief in labour.","volume":"54","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R61-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/62.3.316","article-title":"Maternal oxygenation during normal labour.","volume":"62","author":"Reed","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R62-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197005000-00011","article-title":"Placental transmission of nitrous oxide.","volume":"32","author":"Marx","year":"1970","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R63-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9101900316","article-title":"The King Edward Memorial Hospital 1,000 mother survey of methods of pain relief in labour.","volume":"19","author":"Paech","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"R64-18-20210902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-009-0738-3","article-title":"A randomized study of the effects of perioperative i.v. lidocaine on hemodynamic and hormonal responses for cesarean section.","volume":"23","author":"El-Tahan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anesth"}],"container-title":["Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a7f73c","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:22:06Z","timestamp":1786112526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00000539-201401000-00018"}},"subtitle":["A Systematic Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ane.0b013e3182a7f73c","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718219875.793491777","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718219875.793491616","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0003-2999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}}}