{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T19:20:46Z","timestamp":1772306446175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Evaluation of nociceptive\u2013antinociceptive balance during general anesthesia is still challenging and routinely based on clinical criteria. Analgesic drug delivered may be optimized with parasympathetic tone activity (PTA) monitor. This study compares ketorolac and ketorolac\/tramadol balance analgesia using a PTA monitor.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Pain intensity response was assessed using a 0\u2013100 numerical state scale (PTA) after nociceptive stimuli in pigs under stable sevoflurane anesthesia. Bispectral index, heart rate, noninvasive blood pressure, and respiratory parameters were also measured. Animals were divided into 3 groups: without analgesia, ketorolac, and ketorolac\/tramadol. Mean values or mean areas under the curve (AUC) in selected time periods were compared over time and between groups through a mixed-model repeated measures analysis of variance and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests, followed by Bonferroni or Dunn\u2019s multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>It was observed a significant decrease in the PTA AUC mean value after application of the stimulus in animals treated without analgesia and only with ketorolac. The PTA AUC mean value in the control group was significantly lower than the corresponding mean in ketorolac group. The ketorolac\/tramadol group showed the highest PTA AUC mean values, significantly different from those obtained for the other 2 groups, with no significant differences detected over time. Bispectral index means showed no statistically significant differences either over time periods or between different treatment groups. Heart rate showed only a statistically significant increase in AUC mean between without analgesia and ketorolac\/tramadol group, in the time period after the stimulus application. Noninvasive blood pressure means showed no statistically significant differences over time and between treatment groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study shows that a low dose combination of ketorolac and tramadol is sufficient to block the pain responses induced with a needle holder in pigs 20 minutes after its administration. The PTA monitor was able to clearly recognize the analgesic level between treatments and may be used to optimize analgesic drug delivered.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000003573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T16:34:48Z","timestamp":1529426088000},"page":"882-889","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Parasympathetic Tone Activity Evaluation to Discriminate Ketorolac and Ketorolac\/Tramadol Analgesia Level in Swine"],"prefix":"10.1213","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)"},{"name":"Department of Veterinarian Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juan Rafael","family":"Lima-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Jes\u00fas Us\u00f3n Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre (JUMISC), C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Technology (ECT), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Mathematics of the University of Minho - UTAD Pole (CMAT-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Avelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, School of Science and Technology (ECT), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Mathematics of the University of Minho - UTAD Pole (CMAT-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Computational and Stochastic Mathematics (CEMAT), Higher Technical Institute, University of Lisboa (IST-UL), University of Lisboa (IST-UL), Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco M.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Margallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Jes\u00fas Us\u00f3n Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre (JUMISC), C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)"},{"name":"Department of Veterinarian Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory Animal Science Group, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-20230721","first-page":"1","article-title":"Patofisiologia da 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