{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:54:26Z","timestamp":1791406466845,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Institute of Mathematical Statistics","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann. Appl. Stat."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to identify time periods when individuals are most susceptible to exposures as well as the biological mechanisms through which these exposures act is of great public health interest. Growing evidence supports an association between prenatal exposure to air pollution and epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, but the timing and gene-specific effects of these epigenetic changes are not well understood. Here, we present the first study that aims to identify prenatal windows of susceptibility to air pollution exposures in cord blood DNA methylation. In particular, we propose a function-on-function regression model that leverages data from nearby DNA methylation probes to identify epigenetic regions that exhibit windows of susceptibility to ambient particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). By incorporating the covariance structure among both the multivariate DNA methylation outcome and the time-varying exposure under study, this framework yields greater power to detect windows of susceptibility and greater control of false discoveries than methods that model probes independently. We compare our method to a distributed lag model approach that models DNA methylation in a probe-by-probe manner, both in simulation and by application to motivating data from the Project Viva birth cohort. We identify a window of susceptibility to PM2.5 exposure in the middle of the third trimester of pregnancy in an epigenetic region selected based on prior studies of air pollution effects on epigenome-wide methylation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1214\/20-aoas1425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T11:28:49Z","timestamp":1632396529000},"page":"1366-1385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Function-on-function regression for the identification of epigenetic regions exhibiting windows of susceptibility to environmental exposures"],"prefix":"10.1214","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Zemplenyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgetown University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-France","family":"Hivert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheryl L.","family":"Rifas-Shiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Kloog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Oken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn L.","family":"DeMeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Chest Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane R.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. 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