{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:40:56Z","timestamp":1778906456450,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Against a backdrop of extreme racial health inequality, the 1918 influenza pandemic resulted in a striking reduction of non-White to White influenza and pneumonia mortality disparities in United States cities. We provide the most complete account to date of these reduced racial disparities, showing that they were unexpectedly uniform across cities. Linking data from multiple sources, we then examine potential explanations for this finding, including city-level sociodemographic factors such as segregation, implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions, racial differences in exposure to the milder spring 1918 \u201cherald wave,\u201d and racial differences in early-life influenza exposures, resulting in differential immunological vulnerability to the 1918 flu. While we find little evidence for the first three explanations, we offer suggestive evidence that racial variation in childhood exposure to the 1889\u20131892 influenza pandemic may have shrunk racial disparities in 1918. We also highlight the possibility that differential behavioral responses to the herald wave may have protected non-White urban populations. By providing a comprehensive description and examination of racial inequality in mortality during the 1918 pandemic, we offer a framework for understanding disparities in infectious disease mortality that considers interactions between the natural histories of particular microbial agents and the social histories of those they infect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-10235825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T10:49:33Z","timestamp":1663670973000},"page":"1953-1979","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Racial Disparities in Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in United States Cities"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8514-9722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Eiermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-4279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Wrigley-Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1625-2021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James J.","family":"Feigenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-9095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonas","family":"Helgertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Economic Demography and Department of Economic History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-4322","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elaine","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9159-6510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Courtney E.","family":"Boen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Population Studies and Population Aging Research Centers, and Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022100412010827100_dem10235825C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20201599","article-title":"Automated linking of historical data","volume":"59","author":"Abramitzky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"key":"2022100412010827100_dem10235825C2","unstructured":"Abramitzky R. , BoustanL., & MyeraR. 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