{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:14:23Z","timestamp":1790662463274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Exposure to infectious diseases in early life has been linked to increased mortality risk in later life in high-disease settings, such as eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe. Less is known about the long-term effects of early-life disease exposure in milder disease environments. This study estimates heterogeneous effects from disease exposure in infancy on later-life mortality in twentieth-century Sweden, by socioeconomic status at birth and sex. Using historical population data for southern Sweden, we study 11,515 individuals who were born in 1905\u20131929 from age 1 until age 85. We measure exposure to disease using the local post\u2013early neonatal mortality rate in the first 12 months after birth and apply flexible parametric survival models. For females, we find a negative effect on life expectancy (scarring) at ages 1\u201385 following high disease exposure in infancy, particularly for those born to unskilled workers. For males, we find no negative effect on later-life survival, likely because stronger mortality selection in infancy outweighs scarring. Thus, even as the incidence of infectious diseases declined at the start of the twentieth century, early-life disease exposure generated long-lasting negative but heterogeneous population health effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-11466677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T13:09:27Z","timestamp":1721221767000},"page":"1187-1210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early-Life Disease Exposure and Its Heterogeneous Effects on\u2009Mortality Throughout Life: Sweden, 1905\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0609-9050","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise","family":"Cormack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic History and Centre for Economic Demography, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4506-3964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Volha","family":"Lazuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic History and Centre for Economic Demography, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3443-2568","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luciana","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic History and Centre for Economic Demography, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C1","first-page":"1315","author":"Almond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handbook of labor economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.153","article-title":"Killing me softly: The fetal origins hypothesis","volume":"25","author":"Almond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5286","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5943","article-title":"Estimating the loss in expectation of life due to cancer using flexible parametric survival models","volume":"32","author":"Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-7856(77)90022-1","article-title":"Social class and infant mortality","volume":"11","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1977","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C5","first-page":"1905","author":"\u00c5rsber\u00e4ttelse fr\u00e5n F\u00f6rste Provinsiall\u00e4karen i Malm\u00f6hus L\u00e4n"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x","article-title":"The origins of the developmental origins theory","volume":"261","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C8","volume-title":"V\u00e4rldens j\u00e4mlikaste land?","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2006.0030","article-title":"Deliberate control in a natural fertility population: Southern Sweden, 1766\u20131864","volume":"43","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy151","article-title":"Social class and excess mortality in Sweden during the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"187","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024080516170559000_dem11466677C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-020-00877-5","article-title":"When did the health gradient emerge? 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