{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:26:09Z","timestamp":1787675169506,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Paid parental benefits, with individually earmarked time for mothers and fathers, aim to promote gender equality in labor force participation, wages, and childcare. The Canadian province of Qu\u00e9bec expanded parental benefits over and above the federal policy in 2006 with the Qu\u00e9bec Parental Insurance Plan (QPIP), which introduced paid paternity leave and lower eligibility criteria as its key features. This policy aimed to increase gender equality by encouraging fathers to use parental benefits and expanding coverage to low-income parents. Using Canadian administrative data and exploiting the policy changes in 2006 as a natural experiment, we examine the effects of Qu\u00e9bec's extended parental benefits policy on parents\u2019 employment and earnings over 10 years after the transition to parenthood. First, we find that fathers\u2019 use of parental benefits had positive long-run effects on mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 earnings 8\u201310 years after a first birth. Second, we find that among women with low earnings before the transition to parenthood, QPIP increased the likelihood of employment 1\u20137 years after a first birth. This article provides the first evidence that a policy dramatically expanding parental benefits and encouraging use among both parents can have long-term positive effects on parents\u2019 labor market outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-11958785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1747835278000},"page":"879-898","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effects of Extended Parental Benefits on Parents\u2019 Employment and Earnings in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-3071","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Youjin","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Analysis and Modelling Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3331-591X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6641-3591","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anders","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062707573805500_dem11958785C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac038","article-title":"When should you adjust standard errors for clustering?","volume":"138","author":"Abadie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"2025062707573805500_dem11958785C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2307\/146347","article-title":"Career interruptions and subsequent earnings: A reexamination using Swedish data","volume":"34","author":"Albrecht","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"2025062707573805500_dem11958785C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5172\/jfs.2014.20.1.19","article-title":"Changes in gender equality? Swedish fathers\u2019 parental leave, division of childcare and housework","volume":"20","author":"Almqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Family Studies"},{"key":"2025062707573805500_dem11958785C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12507","article-title":"Paternity leave and the motherhood penalty: New causal evidence","volume":"80","author":"Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"2025062707573805500_dem11958785C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1086\/684851","article-title":"Parenthood and the gender gap in pay","volume":"34","author":"Angelov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"2025062707573805500_dem11958785C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.13177\/irpa.a.2013.9.2.4","article-title":"Equal rights to paid parental leave and caring fathers-the case of Iceland","volume":"9","author":"Arnalds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l og Stj\u00f3rns\u00fdsla"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062707573805500_dem11958785C7","first-page":"283","article-title":"Modern family? 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Estimating parental leave in Canada using administrative data (Analytical Studies: Methods and References Report, No. 009). Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/11-633-x\/11-633-x2017009-eng.pdf?st=ob4jhkec"},{"key":"2025062707573805500_dem11958785C32","unstructured":"Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. (2005). Summative evaluation of EI parental benefits: Final report (Report No. SP-AH-674-01-05E). 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C., & SchmittJ. (2009). Parental leave policies in 21 countries: Assessing generosity and gender equality (CEPR revised report). Washington, DC: Center for Economic Policy and Research. 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