{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:06:13Z","timestamp":1776344773170,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As part of the largest and most expensive state-run immigration program in U.S. history, the state of Texas bused more than 100,000 immigrants to six Democratic-led cities with sanctuary ordinances between 2022 and 2024. In this research note, we examine whether the Texas migrant busing program led to an increase in Hispanic homelessness in cities that received buses chartered by the state. Using point-in-time data measuring local homeless populations from the Department of Housing and Urban Development and administrative data from the Office of the Texas Governor to identify busing destinations, we apply a series of fixed-effects individual slope models to estimate the impact of Texas's busing program on local rates of Hispanic homelessness. We find that the busing program led to an annual increase of 36% in Hispanic homelessness in destination cities relative to prebusing trends. These results are robust to counterfactuals showing that the busing program had no impact on non-Hispanic homelessness, consistent with the predominantly Hispanic composition of bused migrants. Our findings underscore the detrimental impact of the Texas busing program on Hispanic homelessness and offer policy solutions to mitigate its effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-12440694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T10:41:36Z","timestamp":1769769696000},"page":"15-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research Note: Texas's Operation Lone Star Migrant Busing Program Increased Hispanic Homelessness in Destination Cities"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1566-4921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Scarborough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2548-4764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1820-6405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A\u00efsha","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9302-174X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1819-6080","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C1","volume-title":"Black homelessness in Illinois: Structural drivers of inequality","author":"Arenas","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C2","unstructured":"Bidgood, J.\n           (2024, November18). The governor who helped Trump get elected. The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/11\/18\/us\/politics\/trump-migrants-abbott-texas.html"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C3","unstructured":"Bojorquez, M.\n          , & Hallowell, C. (2024, January9). How Texas officials stymied nonprofits\u2019 efforts to help migrants they bused to northern cities. CBS News. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/how-texas-officials-stymied-nonprofits-efforts-to-help-migrants-they-bused-to-northern-cities\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C4","first-page":"109","article-title":"Housing decisions among low-income Hispanic households in Chicago","volume":"18","author":"Carrillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cityscape"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2020.100008","article-title":"Hispanic health disparities and housing: Comparing measured and self-reported health metrics among housed and homeless Latin individuals","author":"Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Migration and Health, 1\u20132"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C6","first-page":"159","article-title":"Factors associated with unsheltered Latinx homelessness in Los Angeles County","volume":"23","author":"Chinchilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cityscape"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C7","unstructured":"Chishti, M.\n          , & Putzel-Kavanaugh, C. (2024, August1). After crisis of unprecedented migrant arrivals, U.S. cities settle into new normal. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/us-cities-innovations-integrate-arrivals"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C8","unstructured":"Culhane, D. P.\n          , Metraux, S., Treglia, D., Lowman, K., & Ortiz-Siberon, A. (2019). Latinx homelessness in Philadelphia: Rates of service use, perceived barriers and assets, and potential opportunities for leveraging city reform efforts to address service gaps (PHFA report). Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency. Retrieved from https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/PHFA-2019report"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1080\/14649365.2011.624279","article-title":"Survive but not thrive? Geographical strategies for avoiding absolute homelessness among immigrant communities","volume":"12","author":"DeVerteuil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social & Cultural Geography"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C10","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9-Sadurn\u00ed, L.\n           (2024, August19). What to know about the migrant crisis in New York City. The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/nyc-migrant-crisis-explained.html"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2022.2026995","article-title":"Racialized homelessness: A review of historical and contemporary causes of racial disparities in homelessness","volume":"32","author":"Fowle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0717-0","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in the lifetime prevalence of homelessness in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Fusaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S510","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307717","article-title":"Latino-Hispanic unsheltered homelessness before and after COVID-19","volume":"114","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C14","unstructured":"Goodman, J. D.\n          , Collins, K., Sandoval, E., & White, J. (2024, July20). Bus by bus, Texas\u2019 governor changed migration across the U.S. The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/07\/20\/us\/abbott-texas-migrant-buses.html"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C15","unstructured":"Martin, W.\n           (2023, February1). Southwest border mission spurs \u201cmixed feelings\u201d among guardsmen. Reserve & National Guard. Retrieved from https:\/\/reservenationalguard.com\/reserve-guard-deployment\/southwest-border-mission-spurs-mixed-feelings-among-guardsmen\/"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C16","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Beltr\u00e1n, S.\n           (2024). Texas has spent more than $148 million busing migrants to other parts of the country. The Texas Tribune. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2024\/02\/21\/texas-migrants-busing-cost-greg-abbott\/"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w28861","volume-title":"Learning about homelessness using linked survey and administrative data","author":"Meyer","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C18","unstructured":"Office of the Texas Governor. (2025, June14). Operation Lone Star decreases illegal crossings into Texas by 74% [Press release]. Retrieved from https:\/\/gov.texas.gov\/news\/post\/operation-lone-star-decreases-illegal-crossings-into-texas-by-74"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2021.1935650","article-title":"Homelessness and discrimination among U.S. adults: The role of intersectionality","volume":"32","author":"Verissimo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01268.x","article-title":"Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients","volume":"36","author":"Paternoster","year":"1998","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.2021.1981976","article-title":"Quantifying doubled-up homelessness: Presenting a new measure using U.S. Census microdata","volume":"34","author":"Richard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124120926211","article-title":"Fixed effects individual slopes: Accounting and testing for heterogeneous effects in panel data or other multilevel models","volume":"52","author":"R\u00fcttenauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C23","unstructured":"Texas Department of Public Safety. (2025). Operation Lone Star: In the news. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dps.texas.gov\/operationlonestar"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C24","unstructured":"Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse. (2025). New proceedings filed in immigration court (TRAC reports). Retrieved from https:\/\/tracreports.org\/phptools\/immigration\/ntanew\/"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx034","article-title":"Lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness in the U.S. population: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III","volume":"40","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.12.017","article-title":"Homelessness among immigrants in the United States: Rates, correlates, and differences compared with native-born adults","volume":"168","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C27","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2022). 2021 AHAR: Part 1\u2014PIT estimates of homelessness in the United States (Annual Homelessness Assessment report). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar\/2021-ahar-part-1-pit-estimates-of-homelessness-in-the-us.html"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C28","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2024). Point in time counts [Dataset]. Available from https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/ (data may no longer be available)"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C29","unstructured":"Wermund, B.\n           (2024, November11). Donald Trump picks ally of Texas Gov. Greg Abbott to oversee mass deportations. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.houstonchronicle.com\/politics\/texas\/article\/trump-tom-homan-texas-border-deportation-19906670.php"},{"key":"2026041608034533700_dem12440694C30","unstructured":"Wessler, S. F.\n           (2024, February7). Bused from Texas to Manhattan, an immigrant struggles to find shelter. ProPublica. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/bused-from-texas-to-nyc-immigrant-struggles-to-find-shelter"}],"container-title":["Demography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/demography\/article-pdf\/63\/1\/15\/2391035\/15scarborough.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/demography\/article-pdf\/63\/1\/15\/2391035\/15scarborough.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T12:04:04Z","timestamp":1776341044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/demography\/article\/63\/1\/15\/407043\/Research-Note-Texas-s-Operation-Lone-Star-Migrant"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/00703370-12440694","relation":{},"ISSN":["0070-3370","1533-7790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0070-3370","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-7790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}}}