{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T08:55:37Z","timestamp":1794646537312,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>State laws have influenced access to abortion in the 50 years since Roe v. Wade. The 2022 Dobbs decision returned questions about the legality of abortion to the states, which increased the importance of state laws for abortion access. The objective of this study is to illustrate trends in abortion-restrictive and abortion-supportive state laws using a unique longitudinal database of reproductive health laws across the United States from 1994 to 2022. This study offers a descriptive analysis of historical trends in state-level pre-viability abortion bans, abortion method bans, efforts to dissuade abortion, TRAP (targeted regulation of abortion providers) laws, other laws that restrict reproductive choice, and laws that expand abortion access and support reproductive health. Data sources include state statutes (from Nexis Uni) and secondary sources. The data reveal that pre-viability bans, including gestation-based bans and total bans, became significantly more prevalent over time. Other abortion-restrictive laws increased from 1994 to 2022, but states also passed a growing number of laws that support reproductive health. Increasing polarization into abortion-restrictive and abortion-supportive states characterized the 1994\u20132022 period. These trends have implications for maternal and infant health and for racial\/ethnic and income disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-10449905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T19:59:34Z","timestamp":1674590374000},"page":"511-543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Undue Burdens: State Abortion Laws in the United States, 1994\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Louise Marie","family":"Roth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Hyunkyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C1","unstructured":"Arons\n              Jessica\n            \n          . 2019. \u201cThe Last Clinics Standing.\u201d American Civil Liberties Union. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/issues\/reproductive-freedom\/abortion\/last-clinics-standing (accessed February21, 2023)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13185","article-title":"Constructing a Longitudinal Database of Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers Laws","volume":"54","author":"Austin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12033","article-title":"WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and United Nations Population Division Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015","volume":"42","author":"Bongaarts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.10.864","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in Obstetric Outcomes and Care: Prevalence and Determinants.\u201d","volume":"202","author":"Bryant","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C5","unstructured":"Carr\n              Lindsey\n            \n          . 2022. \u201cAbortion Trigger Bans Take Effect in 3 States.\u201d Contemporary OB\/GYN, August30. https:\/\/www.contemporaryobgyn.net\/view\/abortion-trigger-bans-take-effect-in-3-states."},{"issue":"7","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255152","article-title":"Pregnancy Outcomes after Exposure to Crisis Pregnancy Centers among an Abortion-Seeking Sample Recruited Online","volume":"16","author":"Cartwright","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C7","unstructured":"Center for Reproductive Rights. 2023. \u201cWhole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt.\u201d January10. https:\/\/reproductiverights.org\/case\/whole-womans-health-v-hellerstedt\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002114","article-title":"Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the United States, 2011\u20132013","volume":"130","author":"Creanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2014.07.006","article-title":"Change in Abortion Services after Implementation of a Restrictive Law in Texas.\u201d","volume":"90","author":"Grossman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C10","unstructured":"Hanlon\n              Carrie\n            \n          , SheedyKaitlin, KniffinTaylor, and RosenthalJill. 2015. \u201c2014 Guide to State Adverse Event Reporting Systems.\u201d Patient Safety Network, July8. https:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/issue\/2014-guide-state-adverse-event-reporting-systems."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1363\/psrh.12024","article-title":"Barriers to Abortion Care and Their Consequences for Patients Traveling for Services: Qualitative Findings from Two States.\u201d","volume":"49","author":"Jerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.127530","article-title":"Legal Barriers to Second-Trimester Abortion Provision and Public Health Consequences","volume":"99","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-018-0322-4","article-title":"Complexity in Attitudes toward Abortion Access: Results from Two Studies","volume":"15","author":"Jozkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sexuality Research and Social Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1532440014561868","article-title":"Politics and Morality in State Abortion Policy","volume":"15","author":"Kreitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"State Politics and Policy Quarterly"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C15","unstructured":"Lawton\n              Elizabeth\n            \n          . 2011. \u201cThe California Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review: Report from 2002 and 2003 Maternal Death Reviews.\u201d California Department of Public Health, April. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/2.1.4249.3447."},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C16","unstructured":"Lopez\n              Ashley\n            \n          . 2019. \u201cFor Supporters of Abortion Access, Troubling Trends in Texas.\u201d NPR, November18. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2019\/11\/18\/741117422\/for-supporters-of-abortion-access-troubling-trends-in-texas."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000746","article-title":"Pregnancy-Related Mortality in California: Causes, Characteristics, and Improvement Opportunities","volume":"125","author":"Main","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C18","unstructured":"Mason\n              C. Nicole\n            \n          , RyanKate, StorzOlivia, PoyatzisGeorgia, and HegewischAriane. 2022. \u201cIWPR Reproductive Rights Index: A State-by-State Analysis and Ranking.\u201d Institute for Women's Policy Research, July20. https:\/\/iwpr.org\/iwpr-issues\/research-and-action-hub\/status-of-women\/iwpr-reproductive-rights-index-a-state-by-state-analysis-and-ranking\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/1554477X.2012.667746","article-title":"State Abortion Politics and TRAP Abortion Laws","volume":"33","author":"Medoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Women, Politics, and Policy"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C20","unstructured":"Nash\n              Elizabeth\n            \n          . 2019. \u201cA Surge in Bans on Abortion as Early as Six Weeks, before Most People Know They Are Pregnant.\u201d Guttmacher Institute, March22. https:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/article\/2019\/03\/surge-bans-abortion-early-six-weeks-most-people-know-they-are-pregnant."},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C21","unstructured":"Nash\n              Elizabeth\n            \n          , and GuarnieriIsabel. 2022. \u201cIn the US Midterm Elections, Resounding Victories for Abortion on State Ballot Measures.\u201d Guttmacher Institute, November9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1363\/2022.300230."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912920903381","article-title":"Anti-Abortion Policymaking and Women's Representation","volume":"74","author":"Reingold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Political Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479812257.001.0001","volume-title":"The Business of Birth: Malpractice and Maternity Care in the United States","author":"Roth","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.26522\/ssj.v7i1.1059","article-title":"Full-Spectrum Reproductive Justice: The Affinity of Abortion Rights and Birth Activism","volume":"7","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Studies in Social Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spy015","article-title":"Different and Not Equal: How Poverty, Race, and State-Level Abortion Laws Shape Abortion Timing among US Women","volume":"66","author":"Solazzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.07.025","article-title":"Women's Reproductive Rights Policies and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A State-Level Analysis to Assess the Role of Race and Nativity Status","volume":"59","author":"Sudhinaraset","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.10.008","article-title":"Crisis Pregnancy Centers in the United States: Lack of Adherence to Medical and Ethical Practice Standards; a Joint Position Statement of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology","volume":"32","author":"Swartzendruber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C28","unstructured":"Thebault\n              Reis\n            \n          . 2019. \u201cThis State's Abortion Ban \u2018Smacks of Defiance,\u2019 Says Federal Judge Who Shot Down Earlier Attempt.\u201d Washington Post, May22. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/nation\/2019\/05\/22\/he-already-struck-down-one-abortion-ban-now-judge-says-new-bill-smacks-defiance\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306396","article-title":"State Abortion Policies and Maternal Death in the United States, 2015\u20132018","volume":"111","author":"Vilda","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100477","article-title":"Income Inequality and Racial Disparities in Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the US","volume":"9","author":"Vilda","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSM Population Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301159","article-title":"Safety of Aspiration Abortion Performed by Nurse Practitioners, Certified Nurse Midwives, and Physician Assistants under a California Legal Waiver","volume":"103","author":"Weitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2023072018005033000_jhppl10449905C32","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, World Bank, and United Nations. 2014. \u201cTrends in Maternal Mortality, 1990 to 2013: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank Estimates, and the United Nations Population Division.\u201d http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/112697\/1\/WHO_RHR_14.13_eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed February21, 2023)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/jhppl\/article-pdf\/48\/4\/511\/1992006\/511roth.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/jhppl\/article-pdf\/48\/4\/511\/1992006\/511roth.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T18:07:29Z","timestamp":1689876449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/jhppl\/article\/48\/4\/511\/342856\/Undue-Burdens-State-Abortion-Laws-in-the-United"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/03616878-10449905","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-6878","1527-1927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-6878","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-1927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]}}}