{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:01:24Z","timestamp":1791133284117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The last dozen years have seen a massive transnational mobilization of the legal, political, and research communities in response to the worrisome hypothesis that vaccines could have a link to childhood autism and other developmental conditions. Vaccine critics, some already organized and some composed of newly galvanized parents, developed an alternate world of internally legitimating studies, blogs, conferences, publications, and spokespeople to affirm a connection. When the consensus turned against the autism hypothesis, these structures and a committed membership base unified all the organizations in resistance. This article examines the relationship between mobilization based on science and the trajectory of legitimacy vaccine criticism has taken. I argue that vaccine critics have run up against the limits of legitimate scientific argument and are now in the curious position of both doubling down on credibility-depleting stances and innovating new and possibly resonant formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-1496020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]],"date-time":"2011-10-15T03:53:06Z","timestamp":1318650786000},"page":"69-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Legitimacy of Vaccine Critics: What Is Left After the Autism Hypothesis?"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Kirkland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","reference":[{"key":"2022033011115293100_R1","volume-title":"Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine's Greatest Lifesaver","author":"Allen","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.3.568","article-title":"Joint Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the United States Public Health Service","volume":"104","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Public Health Service","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R3","unstructured":"American College of Physicians and Surgeons\n          . 2011. Issues. www.aapsonline.org\/index.php\/issues\/(accessed March 14, 2011)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1177-L","article-title":"Thimerosal Exposure in Infants and Developmental Disorders: A Retrospective Cohort Study in the United Kingdom Does Not Support a Causal Association","volume":"114","author":"Andrews","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R5","volume-title":"Rethinking Pasteur's Germ Theory: How to Maintain Your Optimal Health","author":"Appleton","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9558.2008.00319.x","article-title":"Culture, Power, and Institutions: A Multi-Institutional Politics Approach to Social Movements","volume":"26","author":"Armstrong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sociological Theory"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R7","volume-title":"Awakening Our Self-Healing Body: A Solution to the Health Care Crisis","author":"Baker","year":"1994"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.113159","article-title":"Mercury, Vaccines, and Autism: One Controversy, Three Histories","volume":"98","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1728","article-title":"Qualitative Analysis of Mothers' Decision-Making about Vaccines for Infants: The Importance of Trust","volume":"117","author":"Benin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R10","volume-title":"Public Comments on Vaccine Safety Working Group Draft","author":"Bernard","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.06.020","article-title":"Anti-Vaccination Movements and Their Interpretations","volume":"62","author":"Blume","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7312\/brow12948","volume-title":"Toxic Exposures: Contested Illnesses and the Environmental Health Movement","author":"Brown","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R13","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health\n          . 2011. Shots for School. Sacramento: California Department of Public Health. shotsforschool.org\/index.html(accessed March 16, 2011)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.e43","article-title":"Chiropractors and Vaccination: A Historical Perspective","volume":"105","author":"Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R15","unstructured":"Center for Responsive Politics\n          . www.opensecrets.org(accessed September 9, 2011)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001259","article-title":"No Evidence for Links between Autism, MMR, and Measles Virus","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R17","unstructured":"Citizens' Council for Health Freedom\n          . 2011. Issues. www.cchfreedom.org\/issues.php3(accessed March 15, 2011)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R18","unstructured":"Coalition for Vaccine Safety\n          . 2010. Newly Formed Coalition for Vaccine Safety Speaks with a Unified Voice. Press release, March3. www.coalitionforvaccinesafety.org\/press.htm."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R19","volume-title":"State of Immunity: The Politics of Vaccination in Twentieth-Century America","author":"Colgrove","year":"2006"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R20","volume-title":"DPT: A Shot in the Dark","author":"Coulter","year":"1985"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R21","first-page":"98","article-title":"Lessons from MMR and the Future of Group Litigation Funding","volume":"1","author":"Day","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Personal Injury Law"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R22","unstructured":"Deer\n              B.\n            \n          \n          2006. Revealed: Undisclosed Payments to Andrew Wakefield at the Heart of Vaccine Alarm. briandeer.com\/wakefield\/legal-aid.htm(accessed May 3, 2011)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.3.1.19","article-title":"MMR Vaccine and Autism: An Update of the Scientific Evidence","volume":"3","author":"DeStefano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Review of Vaccines"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.2.259","article-title":"Age at First Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in Children with Autism and School-Matched Control Subjects: A Population-Based Study in Metropolitan Atlanta","volume":"113","author":"DeStefano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.09.010","article-title":"How Environmental and Genetic Factors Combine to Cause Autism: A Redox\/Methylation Hypothesis","volume":"29","author":"Deth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822386506","volume-title":"Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853 \u2013 1907","author":"Durbach","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60175-4","article-title":"Retraction \u2014 Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children","volume":"375","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R28","volume-title":"Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge","author":"Epstein","year":"1996"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R29","unstructured":"Farnstrom\n              B.\n            \n          \n          2007. The 2007 Wealth List. Washington Life Magazine, June1. www.washingtonlife.com\/2007\/06\/01\/the-2007-wealth-list\/(accessed October 6, 2010)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R30","unstructured":"Fisher\n              B. L.\n            \n          \n          2010. Vaccines: Doctor, Judges, and Juries Hanging Their Own. Age of Autism, January29. www.ageofautism.com\/2010\/01\/vaccines-doctor-judges-juries-hanging-their-own.html."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R31","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2011. Public Comments on Vaccine Safety Working Group Draft. National Vaccine Advisory Committee, Washington, DC, June13. www.nvic.org\/PDFs\/NVAC-T2Final.aspx."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R32","first-page":"431","article-title":"Childhood Immunization Refusal: Provider and Parent Perceptions","volume":"36","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1962","article-title":"Parental Vaccine Safety Concerns in 2009","volume":"125","author":"Freed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2003.09.004","article-title":"Parental Vaccine Safety Concerns: The Experiences of Pediatricians and Family Physicians","volume":"26","author":"Freed","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R35","unstructured":"Friedman\n              M.\n            \n          \n          2011. N.J. Senate Bill Would Establish Stricter Rules on Vaccination Exemptions Citing Religious Reasons. March15. NJ.com. www.nj.com\/news\/index.ssf\/2011\/03\/nj_senate_panel_approves_bill_4.html."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c7452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c7452","article-title":"Wakefield's Article Linking MMR Vaccine and Autism Was Fraudulent","volume":"342","author":"Godlee","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.29.1.7","article-title":"Immunization Attitudes and Beliefs among Parents: Beyond a Dichotomous Perspective","volume":"29","author":"Gust","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Behavior"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.33.3.7","article-title":"Parents Questioning Immunization: Evaluation of an Intervention","volume":"33","author":"Gust","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Behavior"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R39","volume-title":"Vaccine Epidemic: How Corporate Greed, Biased Science, and Coercive Government Threaten Our Human Rights, Our Health, and Our Children","author":"Habakus","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1176-L","article-title":"Thimerosal Exposure in Infants and Developmental Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study in the United Kingdom Does Not Support a Causal Association","volume":"114","author":"Heron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R41","article-title":"Reconsidering Childhood Vaccine Mandates","volume-title":"New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers Series Paper No. 262","author":"Holland","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x","article-title":"No Effect of MMR Withdrawal on the Incidence of Autism: A Total Population Study","volume":"46","author":"Honda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001529","article-title":"Neurotoxic Effects of Postnatal Thimerosal Are Mouse Strain Dependent","volume":"9","author":"Hornig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15714-0","article-title":"The Lessons of MMR","volume":"363","author":"Horton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.13.1763","article-title":"Association between Thimerosal-Containing Vaccine and Autism","volume":"290","author":"Hviid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R46","volume-title":"Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R47","volume-title":"Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1611","article-title":"Metabolic Biomarkers of Increased Oxidative Stress and Impaired Methylation Capacity in Children with Autism","volume":"80","author":"James","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-128926","article-title":"Cellular and Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox Imbalance in Lymphoblastoid Cells Derived from Children with Autism","volume":"23","author":"James","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203506073","article-title":"Anti-Vaccine Movements in Historical Perspective","volume-title":"The Politics of Healing: Histories of Alternative Medicine in Twentieth Century America","author":"Johnston","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2010.511246","article-title":"Cultural Cognition of Scientific Consensus","volume":"14","author":"Kahan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1352.2009.01079.x","article-title":"Regarding the Rise in Autism: Vaccine Safety Doubt, Conditions of Inquiry, and the Shape of Freedom","volume":"38","author":"Kaufman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethos"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490512000306","article-title":"Vaccine Beliefs of Parents Who Oppose Compulsory Vaccination","volume":"120","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R54","first-page":"57","article-title":"Deadly Immunity","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rolling Stone"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R55","volume-title":"Evidence of Harm: Mercury in Vaccines and the Autism Epidemic","author":"Kirby","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R56","first-page":"195","article-title":"Conclusion: What Next?","volume-title":"Against Health: How Health Became the New Morality","author":"Kirkland","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R57","volume-title":"The Biopolitics of Breast Cancer: Changing Cultures of Disease and Activism","author":"Klawiter","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R58","unstructured":"Lauerman\n              K.\n            \n          \n          2011. Correcting Our Record. Salon.com. January16. www.salon.com\/about\/inside_salon\/2011\/01\/16\/dangerous_immunity."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.3.604","article-title":"Thimerosal and the Occurrence of Autism: Negative Ecological Evidence from Danish Population-Based Data","volume":"112","author":"Madsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022033011115293100_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/089692059201900301","article-title":"Decline of the Farm Labor Movement in California: Organizational Crisis and Political Change","volume":"19","author":"Majka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Critical Sociology"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R61","volume-title":"The Panic Virus: A True Story of Medicine, Science, and Fear","author":"Mnookin","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15715-2","article-title":"Retraction of an Interpretation","volume":"363","author":"Murch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R63","volume-title":"Recommendations on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Immunization Safety Office Draft 5-Year Scientific Agenda","author":"National Vaccine Advisory Committee","year":"2009"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R64","unstructured":"National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC)\n          . 2009. The Fourth International Conference on Vaccination: Overview. www.nvic.org\/Events\/Vaccine-Conference-2009\/Overview.aspx(accessed October 6, 2010)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R65","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2011a. About National Vaccine Information Center. www.nvic.org\/about.aspx(accessed March 10, 2011)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R66","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2011b. About National Vaccine Information Center: Dawn Richardson. www.nvic.org\/about\/Dawn-Richardson.aspx(accessed March 15, 2011)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R67","volume-title":"AIDS: A Second Opinion","author":"Null","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R68","volume-title":"Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All","author":"Offit","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R69","unstructured":"Oklahoma State Department of Health\n          . 2011. New Tdap Vaccine Requirement for Seventh Graders Begins This Fall. News release, March10. www.ok.gov\/health\/Organization\/Office_of_Communications\/News_Releases\/2011_News_Releases\/New_Tdap_Vaccine_Requirement_for_7th_Graders_Begins_This_Fall.html."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.14.1757","article-title":"Nonmedical Exemptions to School Immunization Requirements \u2014 Secular Trends and Association of State Policies with Pertussis Incidence","volume":"296","author":"Omer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R71","volume-title":"What Is Health? Transcript of NVIC conference speech, in author's possession","author":"Palevsky","year":"2009"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R72","unstructured":"Prometheus\n            \n          . 2008. Let's Put on a Study!Photon in the Darkness blog. November3. photoninthedarkness.com\/?p=154(accessed October 8, 2010)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716293528001006","article-title":"Social Movements and the Policy Process","volume":"528","author":"Rochon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R74","unstructured":"SafeMinds\n          . 2009. Safeminds Energy Policy. November9. www.safeminds.org\/mercury\/docs\/SafeMinds%20Energy%20Policy.pdf."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R75","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2010. History and Accomplishments. www.safeminds.org\/about\/history-and-accomplishments.html(accessed on October 21, 2010)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R76","unstructured":"\u2014\u2014\u2014. 2011. Welcome. www.safeminds.org\/(accessed March 17, 2011)."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-30-5-869","article-title":"Weighing Both Sides: Morality, Mortality, and Framing Contests over Obesity","volume":"30","author":"Saguy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Heath Politics, Policy and Law"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R78","first-page":"17","article-title":"Parental Vaccine Refusal in Wisconsin: A Case-Control Study","volume":"108","author":"Salmon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wisconsin Medical Journal"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68144-0","article-title":"Compulsory Vaccination and Conscientious or Philosophical Exemptions: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"367","author":"Salmon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R80","first-page":"99","article-title":"Vaccination Status and Health in Children and Adolescents","volume":"108","author":"Schmitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Deutsches Artzeblatt International"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R81","unstructured":"Schoenberg\n              S.\n            \n          \n          2011. Bill to Loosen Vaccinations Lacks Support. Concord Monitor, March9. www.concordmonitor.com\/article\/244676\/no-title."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R82","volume-title":"The Vaccine Book: Making the Right Decision for Your Child","author":"Sears","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.04.006","article-title":"Parents Concerned about Vaccine Safety: Differences in Race\/Ethnicity and Attitudes","volume":"31","author":"Shui","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(03)00113-2","article-title":"Autism and Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines \u2014 Lack of Consistent Evidence for an Association","volume":"25","author":"Stehr-Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R85","first-page":"114","article-title":"An Epidemiological Study on Japanese Autism Concerning Routine Childhood Immunization History","volume":"56","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R86","volume-title":"Goodbye Germ Theory: Ending a Century of Medical Fraud","author":"Trebing","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R87","article-title":"Maryland Physician Board Charges Promoters of Dangerous Autism Therapy","author":"Tsouderos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chicago Tribune"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R88","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\n          . 2011. The 2010 National Vaccine Plan. Washington, DC: HHS. www.hhs.gov\/nvpo\/vacc_plan\/2010%20Plan\/nationalvaccineplan.pdf."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1039","article-title":"Safety of Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines: A Two-Phased Study of Computerized Health Maintenance Organization Databases","volume":"112","author":"Verstraeten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R90","volume-title":"Callous Disregard: Autism and Vaccines: The Truth behind a Tragedy","author":"Wakefield","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11096-0","article-title":"Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children","volume":"351","author":"Wakefield","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R92","unstructured":"Washington State Department of Health\n          . 2011. 2011 School and Child Care Immunization Exemption Law: Frequently Asked Questions. June8. Tumwater: Washington State Department of Health. www.doh.wa.gov\/cfh\/Immunize\/schools\/exemption-FAQ.htm."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R93","unstructured":"Whelan\n              D.\n            \n          \n          2011. AOL-Huffington on Health: Does Tim Armstrong Think Vaccines Cause Autism?Forbes: Health Dollars blog. February9. http:\/\/blogs.forbes.com\/davidwhelan\/2011\/02\/09\/aol-huffington-on-health-does-tim-armstrong-think-vaccines-cause-autism\/."},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R94","first-page":"72","article-title":"Chiropratic's Tension with the Germ Theory of Disease","volume":"16","author":"Wiese","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chiropractic History"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R95","first-page":"91","article-title":"The Cultural Contexts of Collective Action: Constraints, Opportunities, and the Symbolic Life of Social Movements","volume-title":"The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements","author":"Williams","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R96","volume-title":"Brief of Amicus Curiae Marguerite Willner in Support of Petitioners, Bruesewitz v. Wyeth","author":"Willner","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022033011115293100_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1353\/jph.0.0003","article-title":"\u201cThe Least Vaccinated of Any Civilized Country\u201d: Personal Liberty and Public Health in the Progressive Era","volume":"20","author":"Willrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Policy History"}],"container-title":["Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/jhppl\/article-pdf\/37\/1\/69\/434078\/JHPPL371_04Kirkland_FPP.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/jhppl\/article-pdf\/37\/1\/69\/434078\/JHPPL371_04Kirkland_FPP.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T13:28:49Z","timestamp":1648646929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/jhppl\/article\/37\/1\/69\/13490\/The-Legitimacy-of-Vaccine-Critics-What-Is-Left"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/03616878-1496020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-6878","1527-1927"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-6878","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-1927","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}}}