{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:34:21Z","timestamp":1789144461686,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1237,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51635002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51635002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51305009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51305009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011381","name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"China scholarship council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cloven hooves of ruminants adapt to diverse terrain, provide propulsive force and support the whole body during movement in natural environments. To reveal how the feet ensure terrain adaptability by choosing the proper configurations and terrain conditions, we model the feet of ruminants as an equivalent mechanism with flexion-extension and lateral movement decoupled. The upper part of the equivalent mechanism can flex and extend, while the lower part performs the lateral movement. Combination of the two parts can adapt to longitudinal slope (anterior-posterior) and transverse slope (medial-lateral), respectively. When one of two digits closes laterally, the workspace of the other decreases. The distal interdigital ligament between two digits limits their motion by elastic force and stores energy during movement. Differences in elastic energy variation of the ligament on different transverse slopes are characterized based on the configurations of two digits and the elastic energy between them. If the upper one of two symmetric digits is fixed, the foot landing on the grade surface (2\u00b0) shows greater capacity for absorbing energy; otherwise, level ground is the best choice for ruminants. As for the asymmetric digits, longer lateral digits enhance the optimal adaptive lateral angle. The asymmetry predisposes the feet to damage on the hard ground, which indicates soft ground is more suitable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.023630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,15]],"date-time":"2017-04-15T08:25:15Z","timestamp":1492244715000},"page":"407-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigation of feet functions of large ruminants with a decoupled model of equivalent mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Robot Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4733-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Robot Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xilun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Robot Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042423510301800_BIO023630C1","volume-title":"Elastic mechanisms in animal movement","author":"Alexander","year":"1988"},{"key":"2021042423510301800_BIO023630C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/027836499000900205","article-title":"Three uses for springs in legged locomotion","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. 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