{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T19:36:13Z","timestamp":1790537773747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":1233,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-GM118636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-GM118636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-GM08613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM08613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005202","name":"Muscular Dystrophy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-4070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-4070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gemin4 is a member of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein complex, which is responsible for the assembly and maturation of Sm-class small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). In metazoa, Sm snRNPs are assembled in the cytoplasm and subsequently imported into the nucleus. We previously showed that the SMN complex is required for snRNP import in vitro, although it remains unclear which specific components direct this process. Here, we report that Gemin4 overexpression drives SMN and the other Gemin proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Moreover, it disrupts the subnuclear localization of the Cajal body marker protein, coilin, in a dose-dependent manner. We identified three putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) motifs within Gemin4, one of which is necessary and sufficient to direct nuclear import. Overexpression of Gemin4 constructs lacking this NLS sequestered Gemin3 and, to a lesser extent Gemin2, in the cytoplasm but had little effect on the nuclear accumulation of SMN. We also investigated the effects of Gemin4 depletion in the laboratory mouse, mus musculus. Gemin4 null mice die early in embryonic development, demonstrating that Gemin4 is an essential mammalian protein. When crossed onto a severe SMA mutant background, heterozygous loss of Gemin4 failed to modify the early postnatal mortality phenotype of SMA type I (Smn\u2212\/\u2212;SMN2+\/+) mice. We conclude that Gemin4 plays an essential role in mammalian snRNP biogenesis, and may facilitate import of the SMN complex (or subunits thereof) into the nucleus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.032409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T20:10:21Z","timestamp":1517515821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["<i>Gemin4<\/i>\n                    is an essential gene in mice, and its overexpression in human cells causes relocalization of the SMN complex to the nucleoplasm"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Ingo D.","family":"Meier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, Departments of Biology and Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, Departments of Biology and Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4955, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6406-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Gregory","family":"Matera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, Departments of Biology and Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042423565269700_BIO032409C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2006.71.001","article-title":"The SMN complex: an assembly machine for RNPs","volume":"71","author":"Battle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"2021042423565269700_BIO032409C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2006.05.036","article-title":"The Gemin5 protein of the SMN complex identifies snRNAs","volume":"23","author":"Battle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. 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