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During wing flapping, wings may undergo tremendous deformations, depending on the wings\u2019 spatial stiffness distribution. We here show an experimental evaluation of wing stiffness in three species of flies using a micro-force probe and an imaging method for wing surface reconstruction. Vertical deflection in response to point loads at 11 characteristic points on the wing surface reveals that average spring stiffness of bending lines between wing hinge and point loads varies \u223c77-fold in small fruit flies and up to \u223c28-fold in large blowflies. The latter result suggests that local wing deformation depends to a considerable degree on how inertial and aerodynamic forces are distributed on the wing surface during wing flapping. Stiffness increases with an increasing body mass, amounting to \u223c0.6\u2005Nm\u22121 in fruit flies, \u223c0.7\u2005Nm\u22121 in house flies and \u223c2.6\u2005Nm\u22121 in blowflies for bending lines, running from the wing base to areas near the center of aerodynamic pressure. Wings of house flies have a \u223c1.4-fold anisotropy in mean stiffness for ventral versus dorsal loading, while anisotropy is absent in fruit flies and blowflies. We present two numerical methods for calculation of local surface deformation based on surface symmetry and wing curvature. These data demonstrate spatial deformation patterns under load and highlight how veins subdivide wings into functional areas. Our results on wings of living animals differ from previous experiments on detached, desiccated wings and help to construct more realistic mechanical models for testing the aerodynamic consequences of specific wing deformations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.038299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T15:35:37Z","timestamp":1547480137000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Local deformation and stiffness distribution in fly wings"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Henja-Niniane","family":"Wehmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock 18059, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Heepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav N.","family":"Gorb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de m\u00e9t\u00e9rologie dynamique, Department G\u00e9osciences, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure and PSL, Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fritz-Olaf","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, Rostock 18059, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042423575577400_BIO038299C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/6\/4\/046006","article-title":"Resilin-bearing wing vein joints in the dragonfly Epiophlebia superstes","volume":"6","author":"Appel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinspir. 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