{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T01:32:01Z","timestamp":1772069521716,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":503,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["18-13692S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-13692S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura, Univerzita Karlova","award":["204056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Statistically, the concentration of antibodies against parasites decreases with the duration of infection. This can result in false negative outcomes of diagnostic tests for subjects with old infections. When a property of seronegative and seropositive subjects is compared under these circumstances, the statistical tests can detect no difference between these two groups of subjects, despite the fact that they differ. When the effect of the infection has a cumulative character and subjects with older infections are affected to a greater degree, we may even get paradoxical results of the comparison \u2013 the seropositive subjects have, on average, a higher value of certain traits despite the infection having a negative effect on those traits. A permutation test for the contaminated data, implemented, e.g., in the program Treept or available as a comprehensibly commented R function at https:\/\/github.com\/costlysignalling\/Permutation_test_for_contaminated_data, can be used to reveal and to eliminate the effect of false negatives. A Monte Carlo simulation in the program R showed that our permutation test is a conservative test \u2013 it could provide false negative, but not false positive, results if the studied population contains no false negative subjects. A new R version of the test was expanded by skewness analysis, which helps to estimate the proportion of false negative subjects based on the assumption of equal data skewness in groups of healthy and infected subjects. Based on the results of simulations and our experience with empirical studies we recommend the usage of a permutation test for contaminated data whenever seronegative and seropositive individuals are compared.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.045948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T14:09:20Z","timestamp":1579270160000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["New approach and new permutation tests with R programs for analyses of false negatives-contaminated data in medicine and biology"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Flegr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vini\u010dn\u00e1 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic"},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Topolov\u00e1 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Ture\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vini\u010dn\u00e1 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic"},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Topolov\u00e1 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042622431068400_BIO045948C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.62","article-title":"Role of serology in the diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"282","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021042622431068400_BIO045948C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1453-y","article-title":"Negative serology: could exclude the diagnosis of brucellosis?","volume":"32","author":"Celik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. 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