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Such alterations could have substantial impact on host physiology and behaviour, as 5-HT serves multiple roles in neuroendocrine regulation. These effects however remain insufficiently understood, as parasites have been associated with both increased and decreased serotonergic activity. Here, we investigated effects of trematode Euhaplorchis californiensis metacercariae on post-stress serotonergic activity in the intermediate host California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis). This parasite is associated with conspicuous behaviour and increased predation of killifish by avian end-hosts, as well as inhibition of post stress raphe 5-HT activity. Until now, laboratory studies have only been able to achieve parasite densities (parasites\/unit host body mass) well below those occurring in nature. Using laboratory infections yielding ecologically relevant parasite loads, we show that serotonergic activity indeed decreased with increasing parasite density, an association likely indicating changes in 5-HT neurotransmission while available transmitter stores remain constant. Contrary to most observations in the literature, 5-HT activity increased with body mass in infected fish, indicating that relationships between parasite load and body mass may in many cases be a real underlying factor for physiological correlates of body size. Our results suggest that parasites are capable of influencing brain serotonergic activity, which could have far-reaching effects beyond the neurophysiological parameters investigated here.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.049551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T13:39:28Z","timestamp":1590068368000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Brain-encysting trematodes (<i>Euhaplorchis californiensis<\/i>) decrease raphe serotonergic activity in California killifish (<i>Fundulus parvipinnis<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5765-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siri H.","family":"Helland-Riise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco A.","family":"Vindas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida B.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8225-8344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Nadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407, Norway"},{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3886-3480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Weinersmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan F.","family":"Hechinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"\u00d8verli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway 1407, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042622455068800_BIO049551C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1159\/000067790","article-title":"Modulating the modulators: parasites, neuromodulators and host behavioral change","volume":"60","author":"Adamo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Behav. 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