{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:41:07Z","timestamp":1790260867017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) center at Oregon Health & Science Universitys Knight Cancer Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007083","name":"Portland State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PSU Vision 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSU Vision 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Current methods for non-invasive prostate cancer (PrCa) detection have a high false-positive rate and often result in unnecessary biopsies. Previous work has suggested that urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers may be able to distinguish PrCa cases from benign disease. The behavior of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been proposed as a tool to take advantage of these potential VOC profiles. To test the ability of C. elegans Bristol N2 to distinguish PrCa cases from controls, we performed chemotaxis assays using human urine samples collected from men screened for PrCa. Behavioral response of nematodes towards diluted urine from PrCa cases was compared to response to samples from cancer-free controls. Overall, we observed a significant attraction of young adult-stage C. elegans nematodes to 1:100 diluted urine from confirmed PrCa cases and repulsion of C. elegans to urine from controls. When C. elegans chemotaxis index was considered alongside prostate-specific antigen levels for distinguishing cancer from cancer-free controls, the accuracy of patient classification was 81%. We also observed behavioral attraction of C. elegans to two previously reported VOCs to be increased in PrCa patient urine. We conclude nematode behavior distinguishes PrCa case urine from controls in a dilution-dependent manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.057398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T17:00:23Z","timestamp":1615222823000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i> behavioral assay distinguishes early stage prostate cancer patient urine from controls"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Morgan","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Sarabia Feria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA"},{"name":"Knight Cancer Institute Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ally","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knight Cancer Institute Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fehmi","family":"Civitci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knight Cancer Institute Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0646-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiah T.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knight Cancer Institute Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Genomics Laboratory, Providence St. Joseph Health, Portland, OR 97213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042701155514800_BIO057398C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Bargmann","year":"2006","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.123.1"},{"key":"2021042701155514800_BIO057398C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80053-H","article-title":"Odorant-selective genes and neurons mediate olfaction in C. elegans","volume":"74","author":"Bargmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021042701155514800_BIO057398C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73076","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073076","article-title":"The human urine metabolome","volume":"8","author":"Bouatra","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2021042701155514800_BIO057398C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.1","article-title":"From genes to function: the C. elegans genetic toolbox","volume":"1","author":"Boulin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. 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