{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:34:39Z","timestamp":1791862479495,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP19K14885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K14885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shinshu University Graduate School of Engineering Faculty of Engineering: Shinshu Daigaku"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We conducted measurements of the taking-off motion of a butterfly (Pieris rapae) and numerical simulations using a computational model reflecting its motion. The computational butterfly model is composed of a thorax, an abdomen, and four wings (left and right wings with fore and hind parts), i.e. a six-link, rigid-body system. The present model is more sophisticated than any models that have ever been constructed in existing studies. In the butterfly model, the body trajectory and thoracic pitching angle can be calculated from the equations of motion, whereas the abdominal angle and wings\u2019 joint angles are prescribed by the measured data. We calculated the flow field, aerodynamic force and torque generated by the butterfly model using the immersed boundary\u2013lattice Boltzmann method. As a result, the butterfly generates the horizontal vortex ring and aerodynamic lift force during the downstroke, while it generates the vertical vortex ring and aerodynamic thrust force during the upstroke. The leg impulsion is essential in the upward motion of the taking-off butterfly rather than the aerodynamic lift force by the flapping wings. The inertial forces of the abdomen and wings are comparable in magnitude with the aerodynamic forces, but the net influence of the inertial forces on the position of the butterfly is not significant due to the offsetting of the body and wing inertia. The net aerodynamic and gravitational torques raise the thorax of the butterfly, and the net inertial torques suppress the rise of the thorax.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.059136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T10:21:09Z","timestamp":1643624469000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Revisiting the flight dynamics of take-off of a butterfly: experiments and CFD simulations for a cabbage white butterfly"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaya","family":"Kouji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-3292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masato","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022032502342358600_BIO059136C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.084699","article-title":"Force balance in the take-off of a pierid butterfly: relative importance and timing of leg impulsion and aerodynamic forces","volume":"216","author":"Bimbard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022032502342358600_BIO059136C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"062407","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.102.062407","article-title":"Enhanced lift and thrust via the translational motion between the thorax\u2013abdomen node and the center of mass of a butterfly with a constructive abdominal oscillation","volume":"102","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"2022032502342358600_BIO059136C3","volume-title":"The Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, Function, Evolution","author":"Dudley","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022032502342358600_BIO059136C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033004","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.92.033004","article-title":"Enhanced thrust and speed revealed in the forward flight of a butterfly with transient body translation","volume":"92","author":"Fei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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