{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:59:57Z","timestamp":1780552797392,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R41AI162017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41AI162017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Omnivorous synanthropic cockroaches, such as the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), are reservoirs and vectors of enteric bacterial pathogens. A lifestyle conducive to frequent encounters with high loads of diverse bacteria may have led to the evolution of unique innate immune systems in these insects. The innate immune response of insects relies largely on generalized mechanisms to sense and eliminate foreign microbes. However, analyses of the genomes of common synanthropic cockroaches previously revealed a repertoire of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that is significantly expanded relative to most holometabolous insect models and vectors, supporting the intriguing possibility that cockroaches may encode enhanced recognition within their immune system and may possess an enhanced capacity to fine tune innate immune responses. Investigating how cockroaches respond to infection with enterobacteria provides the opportunity to expand our fundamental knowledge of the regulation of insect innate immunity in a context that is biologically and medically relevant. German cockroaches can harbor both Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli in their gut without experiencing pathogenesis. The former colonizes the gut and replicates while the latter persists only transiently. We hypothesized that differences in the innate immune response may contribute to or result from the difference in infection dynamics between the two enterobacteria. To test this hypothesis, we used qRT-PCR to analyze expression of five genes encoding representative AMPs (Attacins, Blattellicin, Defensins) in the gut of German cockroaches 1 and 24\u2005h after ingestion of live or heat-killed enterobacteria. We found that robust AMP expression was induced in response to ingestion of a live wild-type strain of S. Typhimurium, but not in response to live E. coli, heat-killed S. Typhimurium, or a live mutant strain of S. Typhimurium lacking type III secretion systems. These results indicate that the cockroach immune system does not respond to stimulation with high levels of ingested bacterial PAMPs such as peptidoglycan. Rather, AMP expression in the gut appears to be induced by active bacterial colonization involving type III secretion. We speculate that this form of regulation may have evolved to prevent over activation of the immune system from frequent ingestion of innocuous, non-colonizing, or non-viable bacteria. While additional work is needed to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying our observations, our findings provide significant novel insight into the immunological adaptation of cockroaches to life in septic environments as well as the factors that regulate bacterial pathogen transmission by these insects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.059414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:11:04Z","timestamp":1653466264000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antimicrobial peptide expression in the cockroach gut during enterobacterial infection is specific and influenced by type III secretion"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7607-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose E.","family":"Pietri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022052508105044500_BIO059414C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.7.3376","article-title":"The phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora infects Drosophila and activates an immune response","volume":"97","author":"Basset","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. 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