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The visual systems of amphibious fishes show pronounced morphological adaptations; however, whether molecular changes also occur remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution of visual opsin genes in blennies (Blenniidae), with a primary focus on the amphibious and terrestrial Salariini. Using retinal transcriptomes and amino acid comparisons in nine species from fully aquatic to terrestrial, we found limited sequence changes and no correlation between habitat and cone opsin gene expression. The \u2018red-sensitive\u2019 lws, the \u2018green-sensitive\u2019 rh2a, and two \u2018blue-sensitive\u2019 sws2a\u03b1 and sws2a\u03b2 paralogues were expressed in all species, with the latter two showing pronounced phylogenetic inertia. Long-wavelength-dominated vision is likely beneficial for feeding on algae and detritus, the primary food source of most study species, and may be co-adapted to perceive red-coloured displays in terrestrial blennies. Conversely, a lack of \u2018ultraviolet-sensitive\u2019 sws1 expression coincides with ultraviolet-absorbing lenses in blennies, which likely evolved to protect the retina from the damaging effects of short-wavelength radiation, independent of habitat. Our data suggest that, at the molecular level, the visual systems that evolved in aquatic blennies have been retained in species that have progressively transitioned onto land.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.062593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T07:21:08Z","timestamp":1782112868000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Opsin gene evolution in aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial blennies (Blenniidae)"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-6159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Cortesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of 1 the , Brisbane, QLD 4072 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Environment, The University of Queensland 1 the , Brisbane, QLD 4072 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Marine Science, The University of Queensland 2 , Brisbane, QLD 4072 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5622-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen L.","family":"Cheney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of 1 the , Brisbane, QLD 4072 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Environment, The University of Queensland 1 the , Brisbane, QLD 4072 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Marine Science, The University of Queensland 2 , Brisbane, QLD 4072 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina M.","family":"Schlub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution 3 and , Sydney , NSW 2052 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales 3 and , Sydney , NSW 2052 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Health, University of Technology 4 , Sydney , NSW 2052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Musilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles University 5 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science , , Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2608-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry J.","family":"Ord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution 3 and , Sydney , NSW 2052 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales 3 and , Sydney , NSW 2052 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071504023146600_BIO062593C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140829","article-title":"Genomics virtual laboratory: a practical bioinformatics workbench for the cloud","volume":"10","author":"Afgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026071504023146600_BIO062593C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0494-6","article-title":"Explosive diversification of marine fishes at the Cretaceous\u2013Palaeogene boundary","volume":"2","author":"Alfaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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