{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:45:35Z","timestamp":1792788335205,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canada Excellence Research Chair","award":["CERC-2022-00074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERC-2022-00074"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02tvrwm90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NSERC Discovery Grant","award":["RGPIN-2025-04813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2025-04813"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships"},{"name":"University of Alberta","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ecological syntheses (meta-analyses) usually ask \u2018what is the average effect?\u2019 But many questions also depend on whether outcomes become more or less variable and whether effects are predictable across contexts. We show how one dataset can support a workflow that synthesises both mean effects and within-group variability while also separating heterogeneity among study-level effects from residual heterogeneity among effect sizes within studies. Using an organic versus conventional crop-yield dataset, we analyse mean effects with the log response ratio (lnRR; Model 1) and within-group variability with the log variability ratio (lnVR) and log coefficient of variation ratio (lnCVR; Model 2), all calculated from the same summary statistics (means, s.d.s. and sample sizes). We then use multilevel location\u2013scale meta-regression to test whether fertiliser type shifts expected lnRR and lnVR\/lnCVR effects (Models 3 and 4) and whether residual and study-level heterogeneity differ between contexts. These heterogeneity components respectively inform consistency among represented comparisons and transferability to a new study. Analysing mean effects, within-group variability and context-dependent heterogeneity together can provide a more informative description of ecological responses than focusing on average effects alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.062872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:14:07Z","timestamp":1791875647000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["One dataset, four meta-analyses: synthesising mean effects and heterogeneity within and among populations"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3159-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haley","family":"Lacza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta 1 Collaboration for Open Science and Synthesis in Ecology and Evolution (COSSEE), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , , Edmonton , AB T6G 2E9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayumi","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta 1 Collaboration for Open Science and Synthesis in Ecology and Evolution (COSSEE), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , , Edmonton , AB T6G 2E9,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1312-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coralie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales 2 Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences , , Sydney , NSW 2052,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"The University of New South Wales 3 School of Mathematics and Statistics , , Sydney , NSW 2052,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Lagisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta 1 Collaboration for Open Science and Synthesis in Ecology and Evolution (COSSEE), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , , Edmonton , AB T6G 2E9,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of New South Wales 2 Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences , , Sydney , NSW 2052,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7765-5182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta 1 Collaboration for Open Science and Synthesis in Ecology and Evolution (COSSEE), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , , Edmonton , AB T6G 2E9,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of New South Wales 2 Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences , , Sydney , NSW 2052,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101303135978700_BIO062872C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70303","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.70303","article-title":"Location\u2013scale models and cross validation to advance quantitative evidence synthesis","volume":"107","author":"Blowes","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026101303135978700_BIO062872C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"2026101303135978700_BIO062872C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.07.008","article-title":"Heterogeneity of striatal dopamine function in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of variance","volume":"87","author":"Brugger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. 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