{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:29:55Z","timestamp":1782350995052,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Drosophila dead ringer (dri, also known asretained, retn) gene encodes a nuclear protein with a conserved DNA-binding domain termed the ARID (AT-rich interaction domain). We show here that dri is expressed in a subset of longitudinal glia in theDrosophila embryonic central nervous system and that driforms part of the transcriptional regulatory cascade required for normal development of these cells. Analysis of mutant embryos revealed a role fordri in formation of the normal embryonic CNS. Longitudinal glia arise normally in dri mutant embryos, but they fail to migrate to their final destinations. Disruption of the spatial organization of thedri-expressing longitudinal glia accounts for the mild defects in axon fasciculation observed in the mutant embryos. Consistent with the late phenotypes observed, expression of the glial cells missing(gcm) and reversed polarity (repo) genes was found to be normal in dri mutant embryos. However, from stage 15 of embryogenesis, expression of locomotion defects (loco) andprospero (pros) was found to be missing in a subset of LG. This suggests that loco and pros are targets of DRI transcriptional activation in some LG. We conclude that dri is an important regulator of the late development of longitudinal glia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,5]],"date-time":"2003-03-05T20:59:16Z","timestamp":1046897956000},"page":"1505-1513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The<i>dead ringer\/retained<\/i>transcriptional regulatory gene is required for positioning of the longitudinal glia in the<i>Drosophila<\/i>embryonic CNS"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Tetyana","family":"Shandala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, Adelaide University,Adelaide SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, Adelaide University, Adelaide SA 5005,Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunaga","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Genetics National Institute of Genetics, Mishima,Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan"},{"name":"Present address: Laboratory for Neural Network Development RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology 2-2-3 Chuo Kobe 650-0047, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Saint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, Adelaide University,Adelaide SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University,Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiyama, Y., Hosoya, T., Poole, A. M. and Hotta, Y.(1996). The gcm-motif: a novel DNA-binding motif conserved in Drosophila and mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA93,14912-14916.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.25.14912"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF2","unstructured":"Badenhorst, P. (2001). Tramtrack controls glial number and identity in the Drosophila embryonic CNS.Development128,4093-4101."},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardoni, R., Miller, A. A. and Giangrande, A.(1998). Glial differentiation does not require a neural ground state. Development125,3189-3200.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.16.3189"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booth, G. E., Kinrade, E. F. and Hidalgo, A.(2000). Glia maintain follower neuron survival during Drosophila CNS development. Development127,237-244.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.2.237"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand, A. H. and Perrimon, N. (1993). Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. Development118,401-415.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118.2.401"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buescher, M. and Chia, W. (1997). Mutations in lottchen cause cell fate transformations in both neuroblast and glioblast lineages in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system.Development124,673-681.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.3.673"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, G., Goring, H., Lin, T., Spana, E., Andersson, S.,Doe, C. Q. and Tomlinson, A. (1994). RK2, a glial-specific homeodomain protein required for embryonic nerve cord condensation and viability in Drosophila. Development120,2957-2966.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.10.2957"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doe, C. Q., Chu-LaGraff, Q., Wright, D. M. and Scott, M. P.(1991). The prospero gene specifies cell fates in the Drosophila central nervous system. Cell65,451-464.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90463-9"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebens, A. J., Garren, H., Cheyette, B. N. and Zipursky, S. L. (1993). The Drosophila anachronism locus: a glycoprotein secreted by glia inhibits neuroblast proliferation.Cell74,15-27.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90291-W"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF10","unstructured":"Egger, B., Leemans, R., Loop, T., Kammermeier, L., Fan, Y.,Radimerski, T., Strahm, M. C., Certa, U. and Reichert, H.(2002). Gliogenesis in Drosophila: genome-wide analysis of downstream genes of glial cells missing in the embryonic nervous system.Development129,3295-3309."},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foe, V. E. (1989). Mitotic domains reveal early commitment of cells in Drosophila embryos. Development107, 1-22.","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(89)90120-0"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giesen, K., Hummel, T., Stollewerk, A., Harrison, S., Travers,A. and Klambt, C. (1997). Glial development in the Drosophila CNS requires concomitant activation of glial and repression of neuronal differentiation genes. Development124,2307-2316.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.12.2307"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granderath, S., Bunse, I. and Klambt, C.(2000). gcm and pointed synergistically control glial transcription of the Drosophila gene loco. Mech. Dev.91,197-208.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00304-4"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granderath, S. and Klambt, C. (1999a). Glia development in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.9,531-536.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)00008-2"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granderath, S., Stollewerk, A., Greig, S., Goodman, C. S.,O'Kane, C. J. and Klambt, C. (1999b). loco encodes an RGS protein required for Drosophila glial differentiation.Development126,1781-1791.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.8.1781"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, S. L., Kortschak, R. D., Kalionis, B. and Saint, R.(1996). Characterization of the dead ringer gene identifies a novel, highly conserved family of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins.Mol. Cell. Biol.16,792-799.","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.3.792"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grenningloh, G., Rehm, E. J. and Goodman, C. S.(1991). Genetic analysis of growth cone guidance in Drosophila:fasciclin II functions as a neuronal recognition molecule.Cell67,45-57.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90571-F"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hader, T., Wainwright, D., Shandala, T., Saint, R., Taubert, H.,Bronner, G. and Jackle, H. (2000). Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling regulates different modes of Groucho-dependent control of Dorsal.Curr. Biol.10,51-54.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(99)00265-1"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halter, D. A., Urban, J., Rickert, C., Ner, S. S., Ito, K.,Travers, A. A. and Technau, G. M. (1995). The homeobox gene repo is required for the differentiation and maintenance of glia function in the embryonic nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster.Development121,317-332.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.2.317"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo, A. and Booth, G. E. (2000). Glia dictate pioneer axon trajectories in the Drosophila embryonic CNS.Development127,393-402.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.2.393"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo, A. and Brand, A. H. (1997). Targeted neuronal ablation: the role of pioneer neurons in guidance and fasciculation in the CNS of Drosophila. Development124,3253-3262.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.17.3253"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo, A., Urban, J. and Brand, A. H. (1995). Targeted ablation of glia disrupts axon tract formation in the Drosophila CNS.Development121,3703-3712.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.11.3703"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosoya, T., Takizawa, K., Nitta, K. and Hotta, Y.(1995). glial cells missing: a binary switch between neuronal and glial determination in Drosophila. Cell82,1025-1036.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90281-3"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hummel, T., Schimmelpfeng, K. and Klambt, C.(1999). Commissure formation in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila.Dev. Biol.209,381-398.","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9235"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, K., Urban, J. and Technau, G. M. (1995). Distribution, classification, and development of Drosophila glial cells in the late embryonic and early larval ventral nerve cord.Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol.204,284-307.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02179499"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. R. (1993). Perturbed glial scaffold formation precedes axon tract malformation in Drosophila mutants.J. Neurobiol.24,611-626.","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480240507"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. R., Hiromi, Y., Patel, N. H. and Goodman, C. S.(1989). Lineage, migration, and morphogenesis of longitudinal glia in the Drosophila CNS as revealed by a molecular lineage marker.Neuron2,1625-1631.","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90051-2"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, B. W., Fetter, R. D., Tear, G. and Goodman, C. S.(1995). glial cells missing: a genetic switch that controls glial versus neuronal fate. Cell82,1013-1023.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90280-5"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kammerer, M. and Giangrande, A. (2001). Glide2,a second glial promoting factor in Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J.20,4664-4673.","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.17.4664"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinrade, E. F., Brates, T., Tear, G. and Hidalgo, A.(2001). Roundabout signalling, cell contact and trophic support confine longitudinal glia and axons in the Drosophila CNS.Development128,207-216.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.2.207"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaes, A., Menne, T., Stollewerk, A., Scholz, H. and Klambt,C. (1994). The Ets transcription factors encoded by the Drosophila gene pointed direct glial cell differentiation in the embryonic CNS. Cell78,149-160.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90581-9"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klambt, C. (1993). The Drosophila gene pointed encodes two ETS-like proteins which are involved in the development of the midline glial cells. Development117,163-176.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.117.1.163"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klambt, C. and Goodman, C. S. (1991). The diversity and pattern of glia during axon pathway formation in the Drosophila embryo. Glia4,205-213.","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440040212"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klambt, C., Jacobs, J. R. and Goodman, C. S.(1991). The midline of the Drosophila central nervous system: a model for the genetic analysis of cell fate, cell migration, and growth cone guidance. Cell64,801-815.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90509-W"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortschak, R. D., Tucker, P. W. and Saint, R.(2000). ARID proteins come in from the desert. Trends Biochem. Sci.25,294-299.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(00)01597-8"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF36","unstructured":"Schmidt, H., Rickert, C., Bossing, T., Vef, O., Urban, J. and Technau, G. M. (1997). The embryonic central nervous system lineages of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Neuroblast lineages derived from the dorsal part of the neuroectoderm. Dev. Biol.189,186-204."},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholz, H., Deatrick, J., Klaes, A. and Klambt, C.(1993). Genetic dissection of pointed, a Drosophila gene encoding two ETS-related proteins. Genetics135,455-468.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/135.2.455"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreiber, J., Sock, E. and Wegner, M. (1997). The regulator of early gliogenesis glial cells missing is a transcription factor with a novel type of DNA-binding domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94,4739-4744.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4739"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seedorf, M., Damelin, M., Kahana, J., Taura, T. and Silver, P. A. (1999). Interactions between a nuclear transporter and a subset of nuclear pore complex proteins depend on Ran GTPase. Mol. Cell. Biol.19,1547-1557.","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.2.1547"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shandala, T., Kortschak, R. D., Gregory, S. and Saint, R.(1999). The Drosophila dead ringer gene is required for early embryonic patterning through regulation of argos and buttonhead expression.Development126,4341-4349.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.19.4341"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shishido, E., Ono, N., Kojima, T. and Saigo, K.(1997). Requirements of DFR1\/Heartless, a mesoderm-specific Drosophila FGF-receptor, for the formation of heart, visceral and somatic muscles, and ensheathing of longitudinal axon tracts in CNS.Development124,2119-2128.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.11.2119"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spradling, A. C., Stern, D., Beaton, A., Rhem, E. J., Laverty,T., Mozden, N., Misra, S. and Rubin, G. M. (1999). The Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project gene disruption project: Single P-element insertions mutating 25% of vital Drosophila genes.Genetics153,135-177.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/153.1.135"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stemerdink, C. and Jacobs, J. R. (1997). Argos and Spitz group genes function to regulate midline glial cell number in Drosophila embryos. Development124,3787-3796.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.19.3787"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF44","unstructured":"Takizawa, K. and Hotta, Y. (2001). Drosophila FGF receptor Heartless is required for glial-glial interaction and Neuroglian distribution. Dev. Growth Diff.43, S58."},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udolph, G., Prokop, A., Bossing, T. and Technau, G. M.(1993). A common precursor for glia and neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila gives rise to segment-specific lineage variants.Development118,765-775.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118.3.765"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valentine, S. A., Chen, G., Shandala, T., Fernandez, J., Mische,S., Saint, R. and Courey, A. J. (1998). Dorsal-mediated repression requires the formation of a multiprotein repression complex at the ventral silencer. Mol. Cell. Biol.18,6584-6594.","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.11.6584"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Bor, V., Walther, R. and Giangrande, A.(2000). Some fly sensory organs are gliogenic and require glide\/gcm in a precursor that divides symmetrically and produces glial cells.Development127,3735-3743.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.17.3735"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent, S., Vonesch, J. L. and Giangrande, A.(1996). Glide directs glial fate commitment and cell fate switch between neurones and glia. Development122,131-139.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.1.131"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, W. C. and Montell, C. (1995). Defective glia induce neuronal apoptosis in the repo visual system of Drosophila.Neuron14,581-590.","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90314-3"},{"key":"2021042512443079000_REF50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, W. C., Okano, H., Patel, N. H., Blendy, J. A. and Montell, C. (1994). repo encodes a glial-specific homeo domain protein required in the Drosophila nervous system. Genes Dev.8,981-994.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.8.8.981"}],"container-title":["Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/130\/8\/1505\/1502762\/1505.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article-pdf\/130\/8\/1505\/1502762\/1505.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T06:56:55Z","timestamp":1704783415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/dev\/article\/130\/8\/1505\/18438\/The-dead-ringer-retained-transcriptional"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.00377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9129","0950-1991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9129","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0950-1991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]]}}}